Assignment About Wal-Mart Essay

Wal-Mart claims that it benefits local communities when it enters a new area. Evaluate this claim, referring to textual and audio-visual information that you have encountered. Introduction Nowadays, Wal-Mart is quite common in our daily life and it also impacts us unconsciously, such as the shopping habits. Although this global chain supermarket asserts that they bring positive effect on the area where they located in and commissioned the consulting firm Global Insight to write a report in order to prove their point, some people still distrust it. For example, Jared Bernstein and L. Josh Bivens had composed a brief named â€Å"The Wal-Mart debate a false choice between prices and wages† in 2006 to doubt the Wal-Mart’s claim. Moreover, Irwin, E.G., and Clark, J’s research about the local costs and benefits of Wal-Mart is also supply some evidence. In this essay, I will describe the real Wal-Mart from the Bernstein’s study. Firstly, I will summarise the Wal-Mart effect to customers. Then I’ll move on to compare the advantages and disadvantages of working as a Wal-Mart’s employee. Thirdly, I’ll analyse the Wal-Mart effect to the environment around it. At last, I tend to make a conclusion about whether this Global Company did like what it said. Customers As the biggest beneficiaries of Wal-Mart’s low price, whether we shoppers enjoy the best service? It can be seen clearly that because of the wide ranged goods and low price of stuff, we can buy all the products which we want in â€Å"one-stop shopping† and spent lower money to living better live, and consumers even can save about 25 percent of their food budget alone in this store (Hausman & Liebtag, 2005, p113). Meanwhile, the shop which located in the fringe of towns is not only can change citizen’s shopping habits from shopping in city center to countryside, but also convenient for the people who living in more rural areas (Irwin, E. G., & Clark, 2006, p113). However, the customer service at Wal-Mart is lower than small, more specialized shops, such as put songs with potentially offensive lyrics into sanitized versions of songs area (Bianco & Zellner, 2003 p113). As a result, although Wal-Mart tries to satisfied shoppers from the prices of products, the customer service should be improved. Employees According to Jared’s report, working in Wal-Mart is not an enjoyable job. Obviously, when Wal-Mart enters a new area, it prepares employment opportunity for those who are unemployed. However, the wages for Wal-Mart retail workers ($10.11/hour) are lower than the average for large shops. (Dube & Jacobs, 2004; Hopkins, 2003; Bianco & Zellner, 2003, p114). They also have to face the undesirable working environment, such as overtime work without any pay, gender discrimination (Irwin, E. G., & Clark, 2006, p114) and lack health insurance. As a result, the employees in Wal-Mart employees need more healthcare assistance programs compare with the other large supermarket workers ((Dube & Jacobs, 2004, p114). Environment In fact, when Wal-Mart comes into a new area, it not only impacts the local natural environment, but also affects the community, such as the local business, inhabitants, and local government. At best, Wal-Mart can improve the sales of the local restaurants and bring advantages to complementary shops in this area (Stone, 1997, p115). However, the drainage problems and traffic problem which caused by Wal-Mart cannot be ignored. Irwin described that Wal-Mart paid $5.5 million and $3.1 million in 2001 and 2004 respectively because of illegal use of water. On the other hand, the low price would make local people prefer to go to the Wal-Mart instead of the other local retail shops, which severely harm to these shops’ business, such as florists, drugstores and card and gifts store (Irwin, 2006, p115). At last, because of the low wages and benefits those Wal-Mart employees earned, the local government and the tax-payer have to pay more for public assistance programs like healthcare, housing, food stamps, and subsidized school lunches (Dube & Jacobs, 2003, p116) Conclusion Obviously, there are negative effect and positive effect with the opening of Wal-Mart, and the disadvantages and advantages are distributed in customers, employees and environment. The winner, customers, can enjoy Wal-Mart’s low prices and the losers are local retail business because they can’t compete with this Global Company. Moreover, the communities are also impacted on local employment opportunities, potential increase in poverty and traffic congestion. References Jared. B & L.J.B (2006). THE WAL-MART DEVATE A False Choice Between Prices and Wages. Applied Economic Policy Institute. Irwin, E. G., & Clark, J (2006). The local costs and benefits of Wal-Mart. The Ohio State University, Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics.

Widowhood Case Study

A quick review of the case study suggests the following central issues: The impact that a chronic illness has on a marital relationship, and the burdens of taking care of the spouse, the initial stages of grief and bereavement after their passing, the transition from having a long term partner, to widowhood, and the likely outcomes that the subject will experience during her transition from married, to widowhood, to single-hood. Impact of Chronic Illness on Marital Relationships Chronic illness in anyone family can have many impacts, not only on the person who is ill, but on the family and care givers as well. More importantly, it can affect children and spouses’ emotionally and physically. In Clara’s case, there is a very high possibility that her relationship with her husband experienced a considerable change in relationship and sexual satisfaction. There have been studies done in the past that state, â€Å"Although spouses of chronic pain patients showed no more physical symptoms than spouses of diabetics, they reported significantly more pain symptoms that were related to elevated levels of depressed mood. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The depression felt because of her husbands chronic illness, is likely the reason why she pulled away from her family, and friends. She likely did not want them to see her in that state, and wanted them to think that she was strong, and could handle it. However, other parts of the studies have indicated that â€Å"not only is chronic pain associated with problems in the marital relationship but heightened distress and physical symptoms in spouses as well. † (Herta Florb, 2002) The effects are not so much the reality of a chronic pain problem, but instead a manner for paitents and spouses to cope with the situation. Burdens of care giving and the initial stages of grief and bereavement This leads us to the topic of the burden of caregiving. There is a large impact on ones emotional and physical well being. Women’s greater focus on the emotional side of the caring relationship and on reaching standards of what they consider good care, †¦this is â€Å"not to be confused with how much a spouse cares about her partner† (Connidis, 2010, p. 88). In the case of Clara, there is an assumption that she cared deeply for her husband, but was focused on his needs, and taking care of him, and this may have put great strain, on their marriage, because she may have felt a sense of disdain in the final days of her husbands life. Possibly blamed him for her being out of touch with her family, and friends, and not having circle of people around her to help take care of her during the initial stages of grief and bereavement once her husband passes. There are generally 5 main stages of grief that someone feels when dealing with a loss, however when going through a loss as large as that of a spouse, it is more likely that one will go through each stage in a more defined way. Shortly after the death, there is the Numbness & denial – this is the feeling of shock and disbelief. Even though in Clara’s case she knew that this day would come, she still likely will have gone through this stage. The next stage is yearning & anger – this happens when the main shock has worn off, and one would long for the lost loved one, and one may even feel a sense of anger and thinking that there could have been something more that coul dhave been done. Next comes emotional despair & sadness- this is mostly a long period of tru bereavement. The point when the reality that that person, in this case Clara’s husband is truly gone. This brings one to the reorganization stage – this is when the widow will earn how to deal with practical businss of living, without your loved one at your side. This is also when the sun may start to shine a little more each day in ones life, and also a time when outside sources of support will likely be reeived with open arms. Lastly is the stage of letting go & moving on. This is often when the sadness starts to fade into the background, and new interests take on importance. Experience of widowhood In the case of Clara, widowhood was not likely sudden, as it often is for elderly people. She acted as a caregiver for her husband who had a chronic illness, and likely was warned by doctors, family, and friends, to prepare her for his passing. Since Clara was restricted, from family and friends, by caring for her husband, she was likely the sole caregiver, her husband’s passing although saddening, may also have been seen by her as relief. â€Å"Caring for a departed spouse allows some widowed persons to anticipate their loss and to feel some relief in their death† (Connidis, 2010, p. 106). This relief may be seen as the beginning of her transition to single life. Transition into widowhood Becoming widowed can be a difficult and sometimes devastating life transition. â€Å"Because women remain much more likely than men to be widowed, widowhood is often considered a women’s issue,† (Connidis, 2010, p. 108). Based on psychological studeies that have been done, the initial stage of bereavment, can last anywhere from two to four years. This is generally seen as a period of mourning, and can be â€Å"characterized initlaly by profound psychological disorganization† (Connidis, 2010, p. 08) Often times, and possibly in Clara’s case, this is also an opportunity to rebuild relationships that may have been hindered during the state of spousal care, by leaning on family and friends during the emotional pain, grief, and loss, as well as slowly taking part in groups of people who had experienced similar transitions in their lives. A great defenition given by a widow is this: â€Å"Joan Didion (2005) describes the year after her husband’s death as one of magical thinking during which she felt invisible and understood only by others who were in the same situation. † (Connidis, 2010, P. 09) Outcomes Clara like other widows and widowers will experience a great influx of emotions and changes after the passing of her husband. Based on conversations that I personally have had with counselors who focus on loss, they encourage people to broaden their social circles again, once they have come out of the fog of the loss of their loved one. In many cases, family and â€Å"friends emerge as important network members in widowhood†¦widows are more likely than the married to consider a friend both a confidant and a companion, and friends occupy a larger portion of these networks among widowed persons. (Connidis, 2010, p. 114) As for Clara, perhaps her and her husband had children that had pulled away because of the long term illness of their dad and they may now be spending more time with their mother. If children are in the picture, Clara now has time to spend with her grandchildren perhaps. She may go out and join social groups, such as knitting circles, church groups, exercise groups for seniors, or even take on a volunteering position. These are all acts to assist her in getting out of the house. Assuming that Clara is now living in a large house all alone, perhaps she will move into a facility for seniors, where she can have her own apartment type living quarters, but also where there are activities that she can partake in with other widows, and widowers. Often when a parent becomes widowed, they will take up residence with the children; this will often be seen as â€Å"the parent helping the child out†, not the other way around. In Clara’s case, because she lives far away from her family, there is a high possibility that she will sell the home that her and her husband had resided in, and re locate so that she can be closer to her family. This will allow her to reconnect with her children, and grandchildren. This may however be a very hard move for her to endure, as she will be leaving behind friends that she may have had where her and her husband had lived. However, moving to a new place, with new people, and new activities will act as a fresh start for Clara. This could be a while new life for her to live, even at the age of 80. Many people still have lots of gumption in them, at that age, and are still looking for companionship, and to be loved. As can be found on a website for seniors, â€Å"The sex need to some people is romance, companionship, and closeness–often the need for actual sex is quite minimal. In other people the need is quite strong. When we lose our spouse, we lose our sexual partner and our feelings can be anything from the desire to shun sex for the rest of our lives to powerful needs, and anything in-between. Sexual feelings after being widowed are quite common and the feelings should not make us feel guilty† (Diehm, 2000) In closing, nothing can prepare anyone for the shock and grief of widowhood, even when we know it is impending. One of the myths of mourning is that is has an ending point, and that if we wait long enough, it will stop hurting. Unfortunately it doesn’t. As we have discussed in this paper, it is important to work through the various phases of grief and it will eventually get better, and we no longer allow it to paralyze us. The important thing is to live our lives to the fullest, and enjoy each day knowing that the person we have lost is with us in our hearts, enjoying each day that we live in their memory.

Australian Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Australian Criminal Law - Essay Example Whilst the law of homicide has evolved over time the incidence of homicide has remained relatively stable. The rate of homicide in Australia fluctuated from as low as 0.84 in 1941 to as high as 2.39 in 1988. Similarly, homicide in Australia between 1989/90 and 1998/99 revealed that over the last ten years the circumstances and characteristics of homicide in Australia have remained relatively unchanged. According to the latest figures derived from the National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP), there were 337 victims of homicide in 1999/2000, which are about two people for every 100,000 Australian residents (Mouzos 2001). In comparison to homicide in the United States, the rate is comparatively lower. In the United States about 6 for every 100,000 Americans are killed (US Department of Justice 2000) Homicide has many forms. Murder for gain, sexual and physical violence and abuse of women, and revenge are among the two most common reasons for homicide. While homicide has continued over the ages, the purpose of finding the reason has not changed much in comparison to the methods used to trace the cause. Like in all investigations, the investigators have to gather and analyse whatever information and clue they get before zeroing on the suspect. No person is guilty until proved so, and to bring the criminal to justice, the law must ascertain from reliable sources information, intelligence, leads, tips, and witness statements to build a positive case. This is however, a long process, as analysis of such large amounts of information using traditional research methods can take quite a long time, and using antiquated analysis methods has been said to impair or slow down an investigation. Access to information, and clues; be it positive or negative, can have an impact on the investigation, leading sometimes to the delayed arrest of the perpetrator (Travis, 1996), or in extreme cases, the arrest of an innocent person (Jenny Mouzos, p.2-5, 2001). Sexual and physical violence and abuse has remained a bane on society. Women find themselves fighting a losing battle, and against all odds, as they stand and try to fend for themselves against a pack of wolves. There have been thousands of cases that have gone unreported, and a couple of thousands more that remain unsolved. Most of the cases that remain unsolved are because of the non-cooperation of the victims to help the investigators in their duty. Social factors and fright are attributed to reasons for such misendeavour. So, does the criminal law need reform in order to protect women from sexual and physical violence and abuse 2.0 Report Many women in prisons experienced disadvantages such as poor education and literacy, very limited employment skills, inadequate housing, and

Measurements And Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Measurements And Methods - Essay Example Some would argue that one method is better than the other. However, there are those that would suggest that any research or study must utilize a combination of the two methods. The only idea that researchers agree one is that qualitative and quantitative research methods are different in certain ways. Furthermore, there are cases when one of them is better suited for a particular study or research. Understanding the differences between the two will allow an individual to identify the situations wherein using one or a combination of the two is more suitable for a particular study. Moreover, researchers must realize the importance of their choice of approach especially in cases wherein the findings of their study are to be used as basis and guides for decisions about certain policies or practices. Qualitative vs. Quantitative The simplest way to distinguish the qualitative research method from the quantitative method is that qualitative data involves words while the latter works with numerical data. What this means is that in quantitative research, researchers work with numbers and express their results and findings through numerical information. On the other hand, qualitative research utilizes data that comes in the form of words. (Barnes et al, 2005) Another difference is that quantitative research is deductive while qualitative research is inductive. This implies that in quantitative research, the researchers go about their study using an established theory as basis of their analysis. As such, quantitative research requires the formulation of hypothesis which will be what the researchers will be trying to prove or disprove. On the other hand, the quantitative method builds upon the data that has been collected. Patterns emerge from the analysis of the collected data. Since the quantitative method does not have preconceived assumptions, it can proceed without stating a hypothesis. (Barnes et al, 2005) With regards to the collection of data, there is likewise a difference between the two approaches in question. Quantitative research occurs in a more controlled environment wherein the researcher merely serves as an objective observer. Intervention also plays a key role in the collection of quantitative data because it serves as a way of discovering new things. The researcher discovers new ideas and principles by observing the changes that result from changes or interventions made to the environment. In the case of the collection of qualitative data, the researcher is thought to collect the most significant data through participant observation. No changes are made to the environment and instead, the researcher attempts to get a feel of the environment so as to collect relevant data for his research. Lastly, quantitative and qualitative resea

Video cameras in police Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Video cameras in police - Term Paper Example As the technology improves, the safety of the officer and of the public is greatly enhanced by the use of video within a police vehicle. The use of video in police vehicles was first attempted during the early 1980’s. As the availability of home video cameras came into use by the consumer, police departments began experimenting with using the technology in a official capacity within their police vehicles. This posed a few problems. A handful of companies set out to utilize this equipment in the police environment. Many lessons were learned regarding the harsh and RF-rich environment of a police car and the suitability of standard consumer-grade VCR’s. Wireless microphones were ‘borrowed’ from uses in other industries with similar results regarding suitability and longevity in the police environment. Service became a key issue since most of these products suffered high failure rates when used every day in the hot, cold, wet, dry, dirty, and generally physically demanding mobile environment. (Sharp) These difficulties made the use of video within the vehicle a limited choice for the various departments throughout the United States. The industry worked on solving the dilemmas caused by the problems with the technology, but the use was not being widely utilized. The use of camera’s in the police vehicle would take an event to resurge the appearance of the necessity of a visual record of an interaction between an officer and a suspect. The importance of recording the interaction between the police and the public surged to the front of the technological investigative world when â€Å"in 1991, viewers across the country tuning in their evening news watched in horror and fascination as Los Angeles Police Officers brought down motorist Rodney King.† (Olsen) As the ordeal of Mr. King was watched in

Street highlights in Los Angeles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Street highlights in Los Angeles - Essay Example The Metro Rapid line 720 also operates along Wilshire. The boulevard's widest portion is in Westwood and Holmby Hills, where it expands to six-eight lanes. The Third Street Promenade, Wadsworth Theatre, Hammer Museum, Wilshire Theatre, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, McArthur Park, etc are some of the land marks along Wilshire Boulevard. The Wilshire Boulevard Temple, the oldest reform synagogue in Los Angeles is also located here. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Red_Line_(LACMTA) Sunset Boulevard is a long winding thoroughfare spread about 20 miles in the western part of Los Angeles, stretches from Figueroa Street in downtown Los Angeles, near Olvera Street, to the blue Pacific. Sunset Boulevard passes through Hollywood (just two blocks south of Hollywood Boulevard), then becomes the Sunset Strip as it passes through West Hollywood, weaves its way through Beverly Hills and Bel-Air, and finally winds its way through the rustic foothills of the Santa Monica mountains, to finally end at the Pacific Ocean near Malibu. The street is famous for its Hollywood celebrity culture and the phrase "Sunset Boulevard" indicates glamour associated with Tinsel town The name Sunset Boulevard has become a part of Hollywood legend, the inspiration for countless songs, movies & TV shows. The boulevard is at least four lanes in width for all of its route. There are large number of guitar stores and music industry related businesses in this street and therefore Sunset Boulevard is often called the 'Guitar Row'. The Sunset Sound Studios and the United Western Recorders are two famous recording studios situated in this street. Sunset Strip in West Hollywood is a centre for night life in the Los Angeles area. The well known land marks in the street include Amoeba Records, Blessed Sacrament Church, CBS Colombia square, The Garden of Allah, The London Fog, Los Angeles Film School, The Pink Palace, Rock Walk, The Roxy Theatre, etc. http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/travel_msg.phptitleid=597 3. RODEO DR Rodeo Drive is a street on the west side of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, located at Beverly Hills, in between Wilshire and Santa Monica Boulevards. Rodeo Drive is famous for designer fashion-wear shops. The name 'Rodeo' originated from the Spanish words 'El Rodeo de las Aguas' meaning the gathering of the waters. The "Rodeo Drive" street covers a three-block long stretch of boutiques and shops and it includes famous retail businesses on the streets that lie in either direction such as AMyu, Baccarat, Brooks Brothers, Cartier, Chanel, Dolce & Gabbana, Escada, Fendi, Hugo Boss, Gucci jewelry, Harry Winston, Juicy Couture, Lacoste, La Perla, Michael Kors, Prada, Roberto Cavalli, Sergio Rossi, Tiffany & Co., Van Cleef & Arpels, Valentino, etc. Tourists are flocking to this location to look and with dollars to spend, they can buy clothing on Rodeo Drive as well. It doesn't cost anything for window-shop and the parking is free. The Restaurants and clubs mixed between the fashion bou tiques and a popular Cheesecake Factory where you can dine in or outdoors make this three-block destination more of an attraction. Rodeo Drives is said to be the last street in Los Angeles where one could legally ride a horse.Another interesting feature in this street is the vintage car show conducted on every Father's Day. http://gocalifornia.about.com/cs/losangeles/a/rodeo.htm 4. ROBERTSON BLVD Robertson Boulevard is a major

Global food issue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global food issue - Research Paper Example ad cow disease, H5N1, H7N9, Norovirus Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, among many others (â€Å"Avian Influenza†; â€Å"Foodborne Illness†; â€Å"Questions and Answers†). Kuchenmà ¼ller et al. supported the World Health Organization (WHO) Initiative of understanding the morbidity and mortality effects of international foodborne diseases and they noted that the latter have become an increasing global burden because of the complexity of understanding their concepts (i.e. concepts of food safety and risk assessment of biological hazards), causes, and pathways and finding appropriate immediate and long-term solutions. The paper defines food safety and risk management of food safety, identifies problems in the monitoring and determination of problem-response paths of the national and global food system, proposes solutions to improve it, and handles objections to the solutions. The current weaknesses in national autho rity and lack of multilateral agreements and effective international mechanisms that ensure and respond to issues of global food safety endanger consumers who access the global food system, so these agreements and improvements in international and national capacities are fundamental to increasing food safety. There is no single definition of food safety, even among international healthcare organizations that deal with it, so it is important to define it to identify emerging issues connected to it and to find different measures and strategies in managing it in the global food supply chain system. International and national healthcare organizations do not offer an exact definition of food safety, although they underscore its importance to the health and the integrity of the international food system (â€Å"Foodborne Illness†; â€Å"Questions and Answers†). Food safety, as a concept, is generally connected to food quality and security. In particular, it includes â€Å"the conditions and practices that preserve the

Case Study Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Case Study Assignment - Essay Example He further argues that the development department is capable of producing the software within the stipulated time since one of the employees at the department told him that they have extra time to develop such kind of software. Kelly Thomas argues that the reason as to why they cannot develop the software by August is because, based on his analysis of two years ago, when the company had more people, every support engineer was allocated a client after every one hour and as a result, the product in the market was of high quality and needed less support. Currently, the engineering development department has a shortage after 25 percent of the total staff was laid off and thus the remaining personnel needs more time to create the software since most of them are involved in the engineering support department for customers. Chris argues that the sales and revenues of the company are shrinking and to maintain the strengths and productivity of the company, there needs to be a 15 percent cut in the budget of the company. Chris further argues that it is possible to achieve a 15 percent cut in the budget without laying-off of staff and thus Total Corporation of the employees of the department is needed. The argument made by Cliff O Connor is sound. This argument is based on statistics and records of the company and thus he foresees the future based on past and current trends. For instance, Cliff argues that the current revenue of the company based on sales and service ratio is 50:50. This argument can only be made if there is an available statistical data to provide proof. In conclusion, the argument made by Cliff is very logical. The argument made by Pat Lambert is unsound. It is based on predictions and no available record is shown to support his line of reasoning. Pat argues that customers will be happy if the prototype is in the market by August despite its incompletion. Normally, if a product is released in the market and it does not offer value

Importance of Crisis Management Plan in Organizations Research Paper

Importance of Crisis Management Plan in Organizations - Research Paper Example Some common examples are threat of bankruptcy, computer system failure, a big industrial accident, defect of a manufactured product and its recall, sudden fall in the sales and so on. In fact, the senior management of an organization is the most affected when there is a crisis. It is for the management to ensure that suitable people are arranged in a proper fashion to deal with major problems that could affect the organization. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that even the crisis management plan reflects the company’s core values. Also, there should be properly defined methods to communicate with various stakeholders including clients and shareholders during a crisis. Admittedly, organizations can considerably improve their readiness to face crises by testing the methodologies they have developed. First of all, a suitable crisis management plan can make an organization strong enough to withstand potential threats and secondly, awareness about possible threats makes the organization able to take early action, thus resulting in reduced damages. Also, the development of a suitable crisis management plan will give the organization an upper hand over other poorly-prepared competitors. Moreover, effective communication at the time of crisis will make the public realize how the core values and beliefs helped the organization overcome the challenges, thus giving it a better public image. Some other benefits are that the plan restores critical business processes and systems in less time, reduces the length of the interruption process, minimizes reputation damage, maintains customer relations, protects assets, saves lives and reduces the chances for further injuries. The Action Checklist of Crisis Management The first step in crisis management involves developing an overall crisis management plan that does not significantly vary from the organization’s core values and beliefs. Thereafter, it is necessary to develop a crisis management team structure and define the roles and responsibilities of each personnel. In addition, it is necessary to define the lines of authority as absence of this may result in communication anarchies. Also, it is vital to ensure that during a crisis, appropriate action is taken to communicate with stakeholders. Lastly, it is vital to connect the crisis management with business recovery program. The purpose of crisis management Effective management of a crisis involves prevention, planning, testing, evaluation and maintenance. However, when a crisis management plan is developed, it is necessary to ensure that the plan restores critical business processes and systems, reduces the length of the interruption process, minimizes reputation damage, maintains customer relations, protects assets, saves lives and reduces the chances for further injuries. The planning process Successful crisis management involves planning, testing, evaluation and maintenance. In fact, successful risk management is a mix of sound organizational practices and the use of basic safety-related technology. So, the first stage is enhancing security to avoid the possibility of unintentional events. In order to identify the possible crises, it is necessary for organizations to develop a vulnerability assessment process. This will help the organization identify the probable threats and the need to make necessary changes. When assessment is conducted, it is necessary to include warning signs because before certain crisis, there is the possibility of certain warning signs. For example, erratic employee behavior can be the indication of a

The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools Research Paper

The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools - Research Paper Example The pledge is a promise that Americans make to their country. ‘Allegiance’ means that one is loyal to the country. The flag is the symbol of America. ‘Republic’ means a democratic space where people are guaranteed the rights to take part in electioneering politics and voting processes. ‘One nation’ stands for a unified America. â€Å"Under God† symbolizes the people’s reverence of God as the source of blessing upon America. ‘Indivisible’ means that the states of America should not divide for any reason. ‘Liberty’ means that the people have freedom to pursue their interests without inhibition while ‘justice for all’ means that everyone in America would be treated fairly according to the law and the founding values of the country. Having been created in 1892, The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools. It is a historical reminder of what America is about. The magazine, ‘The Youth’s Companion’ on September 8, 1892 published the words of the Allegiance Pledge. It intended to have students recite it at school during the commemoration of Columbus Day in 1892. On October 12, 1892, an approximated 12 million children in America recited the word of the Pledge of Allegiance, marking the beginning of what would become a school tradition in America (Streufert, para 1). ... Streufert (para 3) further added that only a half of the states currently have laws that encourage the recitation of the pledge by children in classrooms. This shows of how the great significance of the Pledge of Allegiance has waned in the country. The Pledge of Allegiance has been met with several challenges in the recent times because of the addition of the phrase ‘under God’ to it. According to Conton (para 1-2), the phrase ‘under God’ has brought several lawsuits that challenge the pledge as violating equal rights of the multicultural diversity in America. Kevin Conton is the national editor for CNN in Massachusetts. The latest lawsuits that challenge the pledge on grounds of religious discrimination have always failed one after the other. The basis of their failures in courts across the U.S. is because the Pledge of Allegiance does not have a compulsory clause that forces one to recite it if they feel that it violates their equal rights (Conton para 6) . Despite the ongoing legal battles of the constitutionality of the phrase ‘under God’ in the Pledge of Allegiance, Americans should understand one fact that the pledge does not criminalize those who feel violated from reciting it. There are several inevitable values that American citizens should remind themselves of through recitation of the pledge in public schools. It does not mean that everyone in public schools should be forced to recite it. However, American children who feel obliged to reconnect with American values and history through recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance should be given an opportunity to do so because they have the liberty to enjoy that freedom. The differences in opinions of those who support the Pledge of Allegiance and those oppose it could just be a healthy part of

Canadian cultural Essay Example for Free

Canadian cultural Essay In her article â€Å"I Am Half-Canadian,† Pamela Swanigan seeks to define Canadian cultural identity by comparing and contrasting it to the often highly regarded identity attributed to Americans. Born in the USA to parents of mixed racial origin and later immigrating to Canada, Swanigan offers a unique view on many of the common fallacies that come up when one envisions the culture of the United States. Contrary to the popular view, that depicts the United States as an all-welcoming â€Å"melting pot† of cultures and races, Swanigan contests instead that American culture is one of constricting self-definition and pigeonholing. She argues that American culture is neither open nor accepting of diversity, instead forcing people to strictly classify themselves into certain racial and linguistic categories- â€Å"everyone’s forced to pick one definition and stick to it. † Having personally experienced this phenomenon, as a woman of mixed race working in a traditionally male field (sports writing), Swanigan is extremely influential in presenting her case, offering a number of examples as to how Americans are boxed in to certain classifications and social expectations. She further goes on to remark on the close-minded nature of such a view, which leads many Americans to be suspicious and vaguely threatening- a stance that directly contradicts the traditional view of the United States as an open and accepting country. Swanigan contrasts this with the relatively fluid and undistinguishable collective culture of Canada, where a lack of strict individual definition leads to the misconception that Canadians have no culture at all. Instead the author seeks to dispel this myth by suggesting that this lack of identification is in fact the ideal that America claims to promote, which its neighbor to the north that has achieved.

Air Lift Fermenter

Air Lift Fermenter Summary : Fermentation is a process involve microbial cells to breakdown or catabolise the organic compounds into smaller molecules. Fermentation is performed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The end products of fermentation are our daily products such as alcohol, vitamins, enzymes rennets, antibiotics such as penicillin and lactic acid. In the fermentation process, it is very crucial to maintain optimum mixing and aeration in the reaction. Optimum mixing is to ensure best amount of products conversion as well as to avoid wastage of biomass and substrate. Whereas, aeration is the oxygen transfer rate, also the rate-limiting step in the aerobic bioprocess which is very crucial in design, operation and scale-up of bioreactors. Mixing and aeration in the fermenter is carried out by air-lift or mechanical agitators. Air-lift fermenter uses air injected from the bottom of its draft-tube, while mechanical type uses motor driven shaft agitator. Both of the air-lift and mechanical agitator are d iffer in mixing, aeration, biological efficiency, energy consumption, operation and construction, application and cost. Different types of fermentation biomass and substrates characteristic is the factor to determine types of air-lift or mechanical agitators to be used. Introduction : Advances of biotechnology today has been making use of microbiology in different perceptions of the natural processes to produce our daily products such as cheese, antibiotics, alcohols, biofuel, hormones, microbial enzymes such as rennets and vitamins. The process employed to produce these products is known as fermentation, in which catabolism of organic compound take place. The breakdown of the organic compounds is performed by microorganisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to yield end-products that are our daily products as mentioned (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). In the process of fermentation, the microbial cells obtain energy through glycolysis to break down the complex organic compounds to simpler molecules. Usually, the by product of the process is excreted by the cell in the form of acetone, lactic acid and alcohol. In the history of fermentation, in year 1680 Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first biologist discover the process through fermenting beer under observation with microscope (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Later, in the 19th century, Louise Pasteur discovered and understood the process of fermenting alcohol by using yeast to convert sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxides(Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Besides, in 1929 Alexander Fleming discovered the production of antibiotics Penicillin to fight against bacteria infection (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Since then, various antibiotics are produced by fermentation using various bacteria and fungi. There are several factors to be taken into accounts as designing the fermenters such as scale-up issues, fermenter types, impeller types, immobilised systems, peripheral equipment and fermenter measurements. Impeller plays a vital role in mixing during fermentation because it maintains optimum substrate and biomass concentration in the fermenter throughout the whole process. It also keeps the solids suspended, disperse oxygen to keep maximum total bubble surface area and entrap air bubbles to avoid the air escape before all the oxygen is dissolved (Freitas C. et al. 2000). Fundamentally, there are 2 apparatus used for mixing which are the mechanical agitators and the air-lift fermenters. Air-lift fermenters are sometimes known as the bubble column, can be divided into free rise, draft tube, propeller-assisted and pumped liquid jet-assisted. Air-lift fermenter Air-lift fermenter is an efficient contactor for the reactions involved gases, liquids and solids. There are two types of air-lift fermenters which are the internal loop and the external loop. The internal loop has a draft tube in its inner tube, in which the up-flowing gasses liquid and the down-flowing liquid is separated by the draft tube. Draft tubes are used in some processes to promote better mass transfer, mixing and inducing circulatory motion to reduce bubble coalescence. The external loop has two streams flow in two separate pipes connected at top and bottom. In this way, the air-lift fermenters improve the circulation and oxygen transfer and equalize shear forces in the reactor. Both of the internal and external loop air-lift fermenters have been investigated to the hydrodynamic behaviour and other design factors (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). The figure below shows the structure of an air-lift bioreactor with an internal loop. Unlike the mechanical agitation system, air-lift fermenters do not have motor, shaft and impeller blades. As such, the mixture inside the fermenters is agitated by injecting air from the bottom of the tube. Sterile atmospheric air is injected into the fermenters if the microorganism is aerobic, while for the anaerobic microorganism is fed with inert gas (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Mixing in air-lift fermenters is very gentle hence it is suitable for batch culture of shear sensitive cells and tissues such as the mammalian and plant cells (European patent application 2009). Likewise, high shearing stress causes damage to cells could be avoided. Batch culture of plant and animal cells can be cost intensive. However, in cases where the demand for the plant or animals culture products is low and batch cycles are long, the high capital cost can exclude the economical production (European patent application 2009). One of the application of air-lift fermenters is the large scale producti on of monoclonal antibodies (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Mechanical Agitators Stirred tank fermenters are most commonly used in fermentation. It is a cylindrical vessel with an agitator driven by motor to stir the mixture contents in the tank. There two types of agitator used which are the top-entry stirrer and the bottom entry stirrer. The top entry stirrer is more commonly used because the operation is easier to manage, more reliable and robust, whereas the bottom entry model is rarely to be used. The bench scale fermenters are usually made of borosilicate glass with a stainless steel lid. In the laboratory, top-entry stirrer is used, which consist of a motor attached to the shaft and together with impellers (Bloch H.P. and Soares C. 2007). The criterias of manufacturing the fermenters are the high grade of stainless steel, a well-polished internal surface to prevent adhesion of contents to the fermenters walls, and contain smooth joints and free of pin holes to avoid de-mixing. The typical volume of the fermenter used in the laboratory is range from 1 to 10 0 litres (Bloch H.P. and Soares C. 2007). The figure below is the basic structure of a stirred tank fermenter. There are several categories of mechanical mixing equipment, the types of mechanical drivers require to accommodate speed, shaft and power; the kinds of impellers used for specific process, the needs to seal the tanks to against high pressure caused by the processes and stabilization of the impellers devices and the steady bearings in the tank (Bloch H.P. and Soares C. 2007). The main purpose of the mechanical agitator is to provide homogenous mixing, provide aeration and removal of waste gaseous such as carbon dioxide produced during the fermentation process. Usually, the agitator is consisted of motor driven shaft with impellers of 4 to 6 blades. Several types of impellers are more commonly used which are Rushton blade or disc turbine, open turbine impellers and marine impellers. Among the three, Rushton turbine is most commonly used because its design is more simple, easy operation methods and its robustness (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Figure 3 and 4 illustrate the structure of Ruston turbine and marine impeller. However, mixing in the fermenter is poor and energy intensive as scaling up the process. The problem caused will affect the concentration, reaction rate and heat removal. Therefore, baffles will be used in the fermentation process to prevent energy waste in bulk circulation and to introduce liquid slurry turbulence in order to ensure better mixing, better suspension of solids and better retention of air bubbles. The baffles are fixed on the wall of the fermenters. Both of the action of agitators and baffle produce axial and radial flow patterns in the mixing contents and prevent formation of vortex (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). This article is not included in your organizations subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organizations agreement with Elsevier. Compare and contrast the relative merits of air-lift and mechanical agitator Air-lift and mechanical agitator are widely employed in chemical and bioprocessing reaction as the efficient machine for mass and heat transfer. Both of the fermenters are applied in different types of mixture nature. For instance, air-lift fermenter has gentle agitation and low cost oxygen transfer, hence it is only suitable for less viscous liquid. Whereas, mechanical agitator fermenter perform poorly in highly viscous non-Newtonian media, not aerated at high rate and has relatively poor mixing pattern as compare to the air-lift fermenter. However, the mechanical fermenter has broader range of application as compared to the air-lift fermenter (Abashar M. E. E. 2002). Biological efficiency In terms of biological efficiency, the mechanical type of fermenter is more efficient as compare to the air-lift fermenter. However, due to the simplicity operation of air-lift fermenter, it is useful in the laboratory teaching and research. In a laboratory experiment, air-lift fermenter has successfully produce antibiotics, enzymes, microbial cells and vitamins for microbial analysis (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009). Operation and construction The operation of the air-lift fermenter is much simple and easier than the mechanical agitator fermenter. This is illustrated by the control of temperature in the air-lift fermenter, in which the temperature is readily controlled in an incubator or by attaching a heating tape externally to adjust to higher temperature. The construction of air-lift fermenter also more simpler as compared to the mechanical agitator fermenter, as such air-lift fermenter is applicable to continuous and semicontinuous fermentation. The effect of various gas mixture on microbial growth can be readily studied by the air-lift fermenter because the propagation of obligate thermophilic bacteria at 55 C has been successful (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009). Mixing and aeration In comparison of mixing in highly viscous non-Newtonian media, the conventional mechanical agitator performs relatively poorer than the air-lift fermenter. Also, conventional agitator has lower aeration rate due to its impeller flooding. Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. (2002) had find out a better solution to overcome the limitation by creating mechanically stirred hybrid airlift bioreactor. This hybrid airlift bioreactor had one or more downward pumping axial flow impeller located at the bottom of the reactor. It able to overcome the limitation of both the mechanical and airlift reactor by providing confined annular zone with better aeration system. It also manages to improve the directional and fluid circulation for the suspending solids and minimize concentration gradients between nutrients and oxygen to the substrate (Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. 2002). In the other case, mechanical agitator, the marine propeller is installed at the bottom of the draft-tube, to carry out a fermentation of highly viscous non-Newtonian media with Saccharopolyspora erythraea broth. The results show that the yield of antibiotic erythromycin was increased by 45% compared to the air-lift configuration or conventional mechanical agitator fermenter alone. In another study, highly viscous broth of mircrofungus N. sitophila was fermented in the airlift fermenter with low-shear axial flow impeller. The end result obtained from hybrid reactor shown that it is more effective as compared to the conventional Rushton turbine-stirred fermenter (Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. 2002). In short, installation of mechanical agitator such as marine propeller or impeller in the draft-tube of air-lift fermenter can significantly improve the fluid circulation and hence increase viscous aerobic fermentation. Energy consumption Energy consumption of an operation system is the major constitute of the capital cost in one production. Generally, the energy consumption of air-lift fermenter is relatively lower than the mechanical agitator fermenter. In a production of a single cell protein, a low pressure air-lift fermenter was designed to reduce the energy usage. The fermenter broth was kept below 120cm in depth and air is injected to supply the oxygen, also to cool and agitate the broth. In this way, the low pressure air-lift fermenter reduces the energy consumption by producing 1 kWh/kg of protein, which could save 70% of energy as compared to mechanical agitator. Hence, it eliminates the investment of mechanical agitators, air compressors and heat exchangers (Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. 1986). In contrast to mechanical agitator fermenter, air-lift fermenter has higher efficiency in mass transfer at the same power input. This is because air-lift fermenter is not using mechanical agitation, which in turn makes mass transfer perform faster (Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. 1986). The application prove mechanical agitator has lower mass transfer is the performance of Rushton turbine impeller which involve high cells densities to support oxygen transfer rate and also the highly viscous broth cause turbulence and result in the poor mass transfer. However, air-lift fermenter with the draft tube manages to give better mixing and fluid circulation result in better mass transfer efficiency (Boodhoo K. 2006). An example of mechanical agitator, submerged agitating system is used in gas-liquid mixture. The mechanically rotational agitator is used to intensify the turbulent mixture between gas and liquid. In this system, pressurized gas is injected through the spargers to the agitating area, in the form of bigger bubbles which then broken into smaller bubbles by the mechanical agitators mixing power. However, the efficiency of the power consumption is generally greater in the mechanical agitator. Nonetheless, mechanical agitator also increase the residence time of the bubble and caused efficient gas-liquid mass transfer. However, the relative complication of the mechanical agitator has counterbalance the energy efficiency. Mechanical system complications includes driving motors, gear reducers, submerged agitators, long shaft and the expensive gas compression system (Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. 1986). Cost Capital cost is the main factor to be considered in the industrial fermentation process. Fermenter cooling, mass transport between nutrients and microorganism and oxygen transfer are the main factors in affecting the design of the fermenter. The high demand of substrate to the oxygen amount increase the energy cost and caused significant increase in the production cost. Due to the simplicity operation in air-lift fermenter, it is generally lower in cost than the mechanical agitator fermenter (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009). This is because mechanical system involves extensive pipe lines, diffusers, distribution manifolds, expensive compressor and filtration system. As a result, it caused high power cost and capital costs. Moreover, the frequent plugging of the diffusers make the maintenance for the mechanical system is very troublesome particularly in the reaction involve solids such as aerobic wastewater treatment and industrial fermentation (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009) . Conclusion Both of the air-lift fermenter and mechanical agitator is used in the fermenter tube to aid in mixing and aeration. Mixing is very important to ensure optimum homogenous mixture of substrate and biomass throughout the entire process. Air-lift fermenter is suitable to plant and mammalian cells fermentation due to its low shear rate, protect cells from damage. The application of air-lift fermentation is the production of monoclonal antibodies. Whereas, mechanical agitator is more vigorous compare to air-lift fermenter, hence it is not suitable for fermentation involve plant and animal cells. The examples of the mechanical agitators are Rushton blade or disc turbine, open turbine impellers and marine impellers. In the above, comparisons was made between both of the air-lift and mechanical agitator in terms of biological efficiency, operation and construction, mixing and aeration, energy consumption and cost. Mechanical agitator has better biological efficiency than the air-lift fermente r, but air-lift fermenter has better mass transfer rate at the same power input. The operation and construction of air-lift fermenter is less complex than mechanical agitator. Likewise, energy consumption is relatively lower in air-lift fermenter. Nonetheless, both of the fermenters agitator types have its pros and cons. Choice of fermenter types is depend on the fermenter substrates and biomass biological nature. References : Abashar M. E. E. (2002) Influence of Hydrodynamic Flow Regimes on the Prediction of Gas Hold-up and Liquid Circulationin Airlift Reactors. Journal of King Saud University 16 (2) : 97-111. AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR (2009) [Online] Available from : http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/4/1/31.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Bloch H.P. and Soares C. (2007) Mixers and Agitators. Process Plant Machinery 2nd edition. Page 617-631. Boodhoo K. (2006) Intensification of gas-liquid mass transfer using porous impellers for application to an E.coli batch fermentation process. Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. (1986) Low-Pressure Airlift Fermenter for Single Cell Protein Production: I. Design and Oxygen Transfer Studies. [Online] Available from : http://people.clarkson.edu/class/ch465/Airlift%20fermenter%201986.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. (2002) Oxygen transfer and mixing in mechanically agitated airlift bioreactors. Journal of biochemical engineering 10 (2): 143-153. European patent application (2009) [Online] Available from : http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0343885.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Fermentation, Chapter 1 (2009) [Online] Available from : http://www.coe.uga.edu/ttie/documents/biotech.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Freitas C., Fialov M., Zahradnik J. Teixeira J. A. (2000) Hydrodynamics of a three-phase external-loop airlift bioreactor. Journal of Chemical Engineering Science 55 (21) 4961-4972.

Reflective Writing for Learning Disability Nurse

Reflective Writing for Learning Disability Nurse Summary reflection –Modules 5 9 Working as a learning disability nurse, poses a career fraught with many interesting and often frustrating challenges. However, this is a population that cannot be ignored or slighted medically just because they present with special needs (DOH 2001). Emerson et al. (2001) state that 2.5 – 3% of the population in the UK are among the learning disabled, with 30% of these individuals presenting with categorically severe or profound learning disabilities. Emerson et al. (2001) also tell us that frequently multiple learning disabilities present in the same individual, including physical and/or sensory impairments, physical or sensory disability and/or behavioural difficulties. The five modules presented an opportunity to explore various aspects of this specialty area and reflect on the experience on a module by module basis. The act of revisiting the individual reflection pieces to present the current summary essay allowed for not only intellectually experiencing what I wrote, but it also allowed me to re-experience each situation and gain a new appreciation for the patients I worked with, the teams I took part in, the pros and cons of each situation and what I have learned that will be immediately applicable to a real world work environment. Importance of reflection Driscoll and Teh (2001) tell us that practitioners can gain a stronger understanding about various interventions and protocols used, as well as reviewing the situation specifics of each incident, through the process of reflection. In particular, Foster (1985) stressed the importance of using a journal for purposes of written reflection on nursing practices and procedures in order to help clarify issues and make them more real and visual. Gardiner and Lawley (1995) believe that self awareness, one of the outcomes of nursing reflection, can enable staff to recognise the skills they employ and add meaning to their interactions with peers, team members and clients/patients. There were many positives and negatives I experienced on a module by module basis, but in summary, these will be presented thematically. Achievements Module Five offered the opportunity to gain insight into the lifestyle experienced by those with learning disabilities. Similarly, Module Seven provided much needed and interesting information on the role of special health needs observed in those with special needs. This enabled me to make a difference for a client with diabetes through the development of a health care action plan that included the client’s smoking cessation; something the social worker assigned to the case was no knowledgeable of. It was quite exciting to improve my communication skills throughout the five modules. For example, I was able to improve my rapport with other colleagues and various multidisciplinary healthcare professionals as well as clients as I achieved Module Nine communication based learning objectives. Godsell and Scarbrough (2006) comment communication skills are essential for healthcare practitioners. I believe they are even more critical for those working with the learning disabled. Another example was the ability to communicate effectively myself and help others, such as residential home management, communicate with a specific autistic client experiencing difficulty in choosing daily activities based on his disability. I was able to include this client in the decisions made which is critical to empowering the client with a sense of self. Similarly, during Module Five, I worked with a cerebral palsy client who was screaming due to discomfort; that was her mode of communication, which at th e time I failed to recognise, but upon reflection now know actions as well as words are important modes of communication for those with learning disabilities. Shortcomings In general, a major negative I encountered was feeling I was used as â€Å"the help† rather than as a student nurse during my placement. This limited my ability to contribute and to grow personally and professionally. This was particularly evident during Module Five. Similarly, during Module Eight I was faced with a situation creating a significant amount of stress with no stress management advice or training opportunities from which to learn how to effectively cope. Contrary to Davidson’s (2001) research, there were no in-house stress management training opportunities to take advantage of. There was a sharp discrepancy in Module Nine when reviewing the Valuing People (2001) discourse in relation to people with learning disabilities (PWLD) between what was written in the document and what I experienced at work; whereas the document stresses the rights inherent for all people be extended to PWLD, it was my experience that daily patients and clients were denied access to services due to budgetary measures rather than expressing interest in people’s rights to quality healthcare and a quality standard of life. Gates (2003) tells us those with learning disabilities have rights and should be encouraged to attain respect and reach their potential. Challenges/Learning opportunities One of the main challenges I experienced in the module series, particularly with Module Five, was relating theory to practice. However, through additional research and self motivated learning I was able to bridge the gap. I also experienced a number of personal and professional challenges that I believe helped me become a stronger person and future professional. For example, at the beginning of Module Six, my mentor informed me he would not be available to me. This was very frustrating and upsetting as I knew without the help of a mentor, it would be very difficult to achieve the specific learning objectives outlined. However, I was able to turn this situation into a positive by becoming an active contributor to my own educational process by learning, understanding and solving real life problems (Kaufman, Mann Jennet 2000). Similarly, in Module Nine, I found several of the teaching styles challenging, but that helped to develop my research skills and allow me to make contributions in the group and EBL sessions. This also helped to develop my learning and presentation skills. An additional challenge in Module Nine was situation I encountered when viewing a medication administration concern at work. While I informed my manager of the situation, the team had a negative reaction rather than positive which would have been consistent with concern over patient/client care. Thomas, Mason and Ford (2003) tell us it is difficult for workers to become whistleblowers, especially in situations related to patient/client care or maintaining standards of care. This was an even more difficult challenge for me as I was only a student with limited status in the work environment. This was similar to the situation I found myself in during Module Seven when the community care social worker appeared to be neglecting the client’s diabetes, which is inconsistent with the General Social Care Council (2002) code of practices. I felt I was caught in the middle being a student making suggestions and pointing out care inconsistencies. Through the increased communication skills I developed, I was able to participate with the social worker in the role Gates (2003) identified as a learning disability nurse educator and facilitate changes. In conclusion, through the combined effects of achieving the modules’ learning objectives, reflection on the positive and negative events as well as challenges I encountered throughout modules 5 – 9 have enhanced my skill development of working with the learning disabled, improved my problem solving skills, allowed for improved communicative ability both on interdisciplinary teams as well as working with learning or developmentally challenged persons. The added use of written reflection as a tool will further my ability to transfer these skills into practice in my future placement and allow me to be effective in my nursing capacity on day one of my engagement. References Davidson, J. 2001. Stress management: Minute 10 guide. New York: Macmillan, USA. Department of Health. 2001. Valuing People: A new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century. White Paper CM5086. Great Britain. Driscoll, J Teh, B. 2001. The potential of reflective practice to develop individual orthopaedic nurse practitioner and their practice. Journal of Orthopedic Nursing, 5, 95 – 103. Emerson, E, Hatton, C, Felce, D Murphy, A. 2001. Fundamental facts. London: The Foundation of People with a Learning Disability. Gates, B. 2004. Learning disabilities: Towards inclusion (4th ed). London: Churchill Livingstone. General Social Care Council. 2002. Code of Practice for Social Care Workers and  Code of Practice for Employers of Social Care Workers. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.gscc.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8E693C62-9B17-48E1-A806-3F6F280354FD/0/CodesofPractice.doc [Accessed 20 September 2008]. Godsell, M Scarbrough, K. 2006. Improving communication for people with learning disabilities. Nursing Standards, 20(30), 58 – 68. Kaufman, DM, Mann, KV Jennet, P. 2000. Teaching and learning in medical education: How theory can inform practice. London: Association for the Study of Medical Education Monograph. Gardiner, A Lawley, K. 1995. Health and social care: Longman advanced GNVQ test and assessment guide. London: Longman Publishing Group. Thomas, A, Mason, L Ford, S. 2003. Care management in practice for the registered manager award: Essential reading for all care managers (2nd ed). Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers

Real Estate Investment Trusts :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Real Estate Investment Trusts A real estate investment trust, or REIT, is a company that buys, develops, manages and sells real estate assets. There are three types of REITs; they are equity REITs, mortgage REITs, and hybrid REITs. An equity REIT is a corporation that purchases, owns and manages real estate properties; it does not own or originate real estate loans. It may also develop properties. A mortgage REIT is a corporation that purchases, owns and manages real estate loans; it does not own real estate properties. It may or may not originate commercial and/or residential loans. A hybrid REIT is a corporation that purchases, owns and manages both real estate loans and real estate properties. It has the qualities of both an equity and mortgage REIT which is why it is referred to as a hybrid. One of the most distinguishing characteristics of a REIT is that they are required to distribute at least 95% of taxable income to shareholders. REITs allow participants to invest in a professionally-managed portfoli o of real estate assets. This is important because prior to Congress's creation of REITs only extremely rich individuals were able to benefit from ventures in the real estate market. By pooling assets together in a manner similar to that of a mutual fund, REITs allow the everyday investor the chance to invest in real estate properties. The main benefit of a REIT is that it is exempt from double taxation. The normal corporation is taxed on earnings, and then when dividends are paid, the individual receiving the dividend is taxed. REITs can deduct dividends distributed from taxable income. This results in only one level of taxation. The main disadvantage of a REIT is that since nearly all earnings are distributed as dividends, the trust must find capital to reinvest into the business from other areas. These funds are usually raised by investments in the market, and through the capital gains realized from the sale of the REITs assets. The second method by which REITs procure capital to reinvest into the business raises an accounting issue regarding the classification of assets. Currently, the buildings and property that REITs utilize to raise income are classified as property, plant, and equipment. However, it can be argued that these assets should be classified as inventory. The accounting definition of property, plant, and equipment specifies those properties of a durable nature used in the regular operations of the business.

Nonconceptuality and the Emotions :: Conceptuality Psychology Papers

Nonconceptuality and the Emotions I present an argument for the existence of nonconceptual states. A nonconceptual state is an intentional state which does not require the bearer to possess all requisite concepts in order to represent the state. I frame the debate by outlining two constraints that an argument for nonconceptuality should meet. First, successful argument must present a platitude of concepts and illustrate that there are intentional states which both actually violate this platitude (the empirical constraint) and explain behavior independently of conceptual states (the robustness constraint). This ensures that the notion of nonconceptuality established by the argument will have a significant part in the explanatory arsenal of the intentional psychologist. Secondly, I formulate a platitude of concepts based on the intuition that an individual can only legitimately be held responsible for behavior caused by conceptual states. After qualifying the platitude, I argue that emotional states actually violate th e platitude and meet the necessary constraints. Finally, I defend my argument against two challenges: one which denies that the empirical constraint has been met and the other which denies that the robustness constraint has been met. I conclude my discussion with some general remarks on the nature of nonconceptual representation. Any satisfactory model of the emotions must at once recognize their place within intentional psychology and acknowledge their uniqueness as mental causes. In the first half of the century, the theories of James and Freud had considerable influence on reinforcing the idea that emotions are non-intentional. (1) The uniqueness of emotions was therefore acknowledged at the price of denying them content, of denying them a place within intentional psychology proper. More recently, cognitive reductionists like Joel Marks and Martha Nussbaum recognize that emotions are intentional but, by reducing them to beliefs, judgements, desires, etc., fail to capture their distinctiveness as mental causes. (2) In other words, their place within intentional psychology is acknowledged at the price of denying them their uniqueness. Anti-reductionists, as I see them, are committed to the idea that emotions are both intentional and unique. This uniqueness, however, is rarely, if ever, traced to emotional content itself. An anti-reductionist is more likely to single out, e.g., a phenomenological, evaluative or perspectival feature which, as purportedly distinctive of emotional experience, precludes the reduction of emotions to, say, cognitive states. (3) My intention is not to assess these efforts. Rather, I want to offer an argument which shows that emotions are unique in virtue of the kind of intentionality they have.

Ishmael, the Sacrifice of Abraham :: Islam History Religion Religious Papers

Ishmael, the Sacrifice of Abraham Introduction The tragedy of strained relations between Islamic and Judeo-Christian countries is a part of everyday life. One need only pick up a newspaper or check the news story of the day via television, radio, or internet to learn of the latest violent attack by a suicide bomber or military retaliation on such an attack. The terrorist attacks have been perpetrated by countries that are predominantly Islamic with the counter attacks coming from a well-armed Israel, supported by US arms sales as well as US silence. Arecent CNN talk show byline queried, â€Å"Are we at war with Islam?† One does sometimes wonder. Israel has long held a policy of counter attack to deal with terrorists harbored by governments of neighboring countries. Following 9/11, the United States government adopted this policy. As part of this new policy the US military went after terrorists in Afghanistan and destroyed the country’s infrastructure as well as innocent civilians in the process. In early 2003, Iraq was attacked for the same reasons, with the same resulting damage. Terrorism directed against Iraqis and Coalition forces as well as military retaliation by Coalition forces continues to make the headlines in occupied Iraq. The cycle of violence continues. To say the cause of political friction in the Middle East is due to religious differences is too simplistic as well as unduly inflammatory. Other things come into play, such as protection of US interests involving energy production, and even control of the water supply by Israel and its neighboring countries. However, to say the violence has nothing to do with religious differences denies the past 4,000 years of history. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, three of the world’s great religions, have their roots as well their â€Å"holiest places† in the Middle East. All three religions revere Abraham as a common ancestor. Yet all three have had bloody interchanges throughout history. How and why did Abraham’s children become such a dysfunctional family? Where is God in this â€Å"family feud?† Finding answers to these theological questions that could help provide a peaceful future are important for all. Conflicts surrounding this â€Å"family of God† involve more people and places than were involved even 50 years ago. For example, currently there are more Muslims living in the United States than Methodists (Geisler and Saleeb, 2001).1 The Story of Ishmael One must wonder what event or events provided such fertile ground for violence and bad feelings to thrive?

Identify the Diffenent Reasons People Communicate Essay

We need to communicate with others in order to be able to successfully carry out daily activities, especially in the work place. This can be done in many different forms and have positive and negative effects. Being aware of these forms and implementing them is vital when working with young children and adults. People communicate in both personal and professional capacitites for a variety of different reasons. In a work setting people may communicate to: build relationships; maintain relationships; gain and share information; gain reassurance and acknowledgement; to express needs and feelings and to share thoughts and ideas. Building relationships can be a simple form of communication such as a smile/wave/ ‘hello’ when we first meet a new parent/child. Each time we do this we are maintaining a relationship with the parent/child, although this may not be strictly for a professional ‘reason’, for example; asking what they are doing tonight? By building and maintaining relationships via communication we are gaining information, which by sharing will help in the way we work, for example; with children, parents and other professionals. We can also provide trust, reassurance and acknowledgement by praising, physical reassurance by providing eye contact or by taking an interest in what they are doing. People also communicate in order to express their needs and/or feelings. As humans most of us need to do this and we should respect and allow a child’s need to as well, if they don’t have the opportunity to do this they can become very frustrated. The same applies to being creative by sharing their ideas and thoughts as children and young people will need to share these with others. Read more:  Describe the different ways that people communicate  essay L.O 1.2: Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting Communication is vital in the work setting as it helps to establish good relationships with young people, children, their families and colleagues, and these are essential in order to be able to work effectively with them. Relationships and communication skills compliment each other, therefore carers who have good communication skills are more likely to have good relationships with children, parents and other adults. We communicate via body language and facial expressions and relationships are influenced by this. Relationships and communication is pivotal in the early year’s sector. By sharing and gaining information, for example, on a child’s feelings, routine and/or long term health we can help establish different needs and/or the need for intervention. We can also help the child settle in more easily, as when they feel comfortable with us so will their parents and vice versa, this also helps the child feel more relaxed which in turn helps them play and learn more effectively and benefit from it. As pointed out on www.helpguide.org it can also â€Å"†¦improve relationships at home, work and in social situations by deepening your connections to others, and improving team work, decision making, caring and problem solving.† By working together as a team via communicating, job satisfaction can be gained as can easier transitions if the child is moved from one setting to another. Communication is something that we do in our everyday life in every type of setting. We can build and maintain relationships from this with a variety of people. This in turn can have positive or negative effects on the things we do. By communicating via facial expressions, body language or verbally we are establishing and maintaining relationships with their practitioner as it can help identify needs, spot things that occur repeatedly and help the child develop holistically, therefore it is essential that we all communicate effectively.

Overpopulation Issue

On July 11th, 1987, a pamper girl natural in Beijing hospital at midnight was what the government of China called baby louver billion. Whether or not the babe actually brought the total world universe of discourse to five billion at that time, no on is certain. What is certain however, is that statistics continue to record that the number of people on this realm is increasing at phenomenal speeds. A quarter of a million a day to be exactThe unwrap of over race is one that is not new to the ears of environmentalist. The dangers, caused by our over indulgence of earth limited resources to satisfy our exponential population festering, atomic number 18 indeed very real.Experts direct postulated that at the present rate of growth, the amount of fare needed to feed the worlds population go out soon shell production, resulting to global starvation.Tied closely to overpopulation is the phenomenon of species degeneration. The close to successful members of the race are the one s having few infantren. The vast majority of the species population growth is in areas where newly arrive kidskinren have a fairly poor scene of having a successful life. ( successful denoting safety, food, puff of air and education)In view of this dilemma the practical Chinese have adopted what is know as the one child form _or_ system of government, permitting no more than one child per couple. Their intentions were economics and political to reduce population, conflagrate the average standard of living and therefore achieve political stability. The insurance has meant three hundred million less mouths to feed and has enable China to open up twain economically and socially.China is an excellent interpreter of the benefits which are possible in the writ of execution of the one child indemnity.Although many pro-life and pro-choice activists may hastily rising to the occasion to argue that the one child policy is a violation of world proficients, their arguments are dwarfed by the great advantages the policy screw bring to its upholders and their country.Our shamefully sophisticated attitudes towards reproduction dominates our society. This policy however will promote safer sex reducing incidents of, cast-off(prenominal) or teenage pregnancies and cases of sexually communicable diseases such(prenominal) as AIDS.What will the policy mean for people who desire a son due to ethical reason though?Revolutionary genetic engineering has enable these couples to choose the sex of their baby making sure it is born drop out of any detrimental diseases. One salutary child per family, who is extremely loved and wanted and who receives the best food and education will mean that our species can continue to develop stronger and live on.Time though, is fast footrace out for our civilisation. Our fragile institutions of hard win freedoms, our legacy from all those who in the past have fought for progress, our freedom of speech, of movement, our syste ms of welfare and education, our right to form unions and so on, wont survive at a time the food supply is outstripped by population growth. Hungry billions will be tempted to press drastic action in dictate to survive, anything may happen in such an unstable future. If any policy can help prevent such a catastrophe it is one policy for certain worth implementing.

Mhp Nursing Shared Governance Essay

What is divided up conclusiveness do suggest of serve well last do where tender who transact the routine introduce in finish fashioning poignant their surroundings A 30 category oldish determination do stupefy meant to fracture mates vowelise to nurses A permute mien of wariness that creates an environs of mandate voxingd termination make A expedition non a finishWeTOTheywhy sh bed last reservation substantive to achieving the trump out diligent outcomes by grown nurses enclose of their give they form outmatch Recognizes the personnel already constitute in a determination and anyows that proponent to be express de jure Builds self-sufficiency into the trade share determination fashioning The passageA propulsive subrou keistere that is center on on 4 sarcastic principles of amply sceptred organizations partnership solubleness impartiality self-will available Definitions league breast feeding lag and leadership prune unneurotic at the building block and constitution level to dismiss charge foregoing and light upon the beaver outcomes function cater and private instructors share ownership for the outcomes of our employ and are answerable to our colleagues, the creative activity and the fraternity we perform available Definitions honor consolidation office rungs to secure outcomes everyone contributes indoorsthe range of mountains of their role as part of the ag grouping self- keep back Everyone requisite realize that advantage is cogitate to how tumesce they do their jobs divided last make Our poser headmaster progression Council administrative Council condom head startCrd ooinating whole tone & condom CouncilCouncil whole of measurement diligent look for & foreland base breast feeding form Council colossal role to employment lord suitcase up CouncilFamily biotic commwholeyclinical virtueCouncilscoo t severallying method Counci lrdinatingCouncil signify of yourself as a longanimousAPN Council motion Councilfiscal lastingnessCCHS divided up termination reservation Councils fiber & condom Council interrogation & prove ground treat institutionalize Council send off take up Council master copy throw Council coordinate Council raising Council Collaborates with whole and form councils to draw cultivational needs, catch educational priorities with allot cadence lines and get back resources for all education impacting the inventione section of uncomplaining condole with function Disseminates O.K. educational strategies to unit leaders and endorse supply cultivates and maintains a conference internet among unitand dodgings councils interrogation & assure establish breast feeding hold Council Promotes the temper of inquiry in clinical treat practise evaluates the publications in g everyplacen to use outgo rehearses to transmogrify clinical execute at the p oint-of- caution eye & safeguard device Council Provides visualisened, taxonomical and collaborative approaches to handle and send out case and preventative relating to the treat answer, functions and go provided. The councils chain includes mathematical process betterment and safety measures end-to-end the incision of patient role complaint work victor obtain Council industrial endt to raise the skipper flick of nursing at bottom CCHS and the union signs the spirit of the maestro promotion program Identifies and victualss executing of recruitment and retentiveness strategies coordinate Council Provides overall coordination of the dodges councils. Reviews the system strategical plan and adopts the plan for the department of uncomplaining accusation run and the nursing overlap out ratiocination reservation bodily structure. Serves as the vena portae for opposite departments or disciplines requiring service with the overlap f inish make structure of nursing. problem settlement The gaga dash paradox set by mental faculty and overstepd to manager theater director may or may non make believe asked for feedback intimately etymons passenger vehicle make last finding or had final exam ascendancy for affirmatory a solution b early(a) solving The advanced room round line issues and communicate them to the unit council unit of measurement council formulates a resolution and communicates this to stave provide provide feedback via the rendering form.How Does The radical air belong unit Council Collects selective information Develops a proposed plan use demonstrate ground practice Develops a m line Presents externalize for Feedback (Open Comment) Revises device ground Upon Feedback Forewards plan to system council, as involveHow Does The novel instruction break building block Council weapons excogitate Evaluates sequel herald Results to whole stave Seeks lag feedback, officially and colloquially on councils mental processHow Does It die occupation firmness of purpose methodology bring out an answer or a job set up entropy jut a source draw Feedback peg down a purpose Implement Evaluate chronicleincrease relative incidence of pressure Sores chore unit of measurement conundrum social unit Council business resolving imitate Results compulsory Outcomes remains aim pull enquiry paradox set up trading operations culture worry resoluteness nonplusResults irresponsible Outcomes obligate music directors position construct a mode that is actively substantiating and not merely bountiful of divided up purpose devising still a inclination purlieu for rung development and hassock with divided up finding reservation Support tucker out epoch for supply to inscribe in shared decision do activities nurture charabancs voice piece of land with module your intimacy of leadership and help st aff to asperse execution barriers draw to the late mode usage of social unit base Council guide answer meetings Develop the schedule go away council to consensus reassure members come in (per charter) despatch group assignments mark off consensus for decision making look to arrest meetings, as undeniable mentor Chair-electBenefits of shared purpose devising increase staff retain rejoicing (increase autonomy, increased control over practice, meliorate colloquy mingled with nurses, physicians and administration) better treat keeping ($90,000 to replace an RN 2006 advisory Board) change long-suffering safe OutcomesBenefits of divided up finish devising amend collaborationism and squad build alter flavor of care and clinical dominance increase staff confidence, in the flesh(predicate) and professional growth increment of rising association and skills change magnitude professionalism and rightRequirements for victor. ass ign the tolerant maiden and focus on providing the opera hat care likely combine and respect is essential reveal openly and candidly gougechange and filter out for usefulness ply and managers hold each other accountable. organisational support of answerability in the slaying assessment process closing purpose overlap decision making is a journey, not an event. It is not achieved overnight, and there is no finale no point when it is to the full in place. It single provides a initiation for raise growth.Tim Porter-OGrady

Current State of Education in Nigeria

contemporary re frequent OF reading IN NIGERIA creation/ accentuate nurture burn d earn be referred to as an off the beaten track(predicate)gon or off come egress of mystifying and cultivating, whether physic on the alto posithery, noeticly or mort full(a)lyy, whizzs moral figure let onivities or virtuosos the expansion, beef up and civilise of peerlesss sign, might and so on the fixing and enactment of principles and fibre in tack together to doctor and conk for intimately(prenominal)(prenominal) name or melodic product patronage by imperious precept.The solving of these is redden up by the noesis/ readiness acquired, the tame of slip acquired, the act/process of raising by a positive or mine run computer program of learn discip presidency note. program melodic line is withal seen as a mode towards downstairsstanding, knowingness creation, enlightenment, comptrollerling, holdfast and re-designing piece bes dowry and milieu with a conniption to achieving and sustaining a purify wood do main of a obligation of flavor for the some atomic number 53 and towards the complete integrating of the matchless-on- angiotensin converting enzyme into his milieu in dis detainicular(a) and hence his e cl take in planetary fashioning proficient personas towards discipline readings.The do master(prenominal)s suppose on com humankindd is disposals stylus of concreteizing that p r exp curiosityiture hit of the nitty-gritty determinations that put forward be come by dint ofd by exploitation t distri simplyivelying as a tool. No mentations on rearing gouge still be rear without initiatory identifying the boilers suit ism and goals of the landed e situate viz I. To vital in wizardness and concordance as cardinal indivisible, indissoluble, repre moveative and indep exposeent countrified argona founded on the principles of mind. Freedom, existity and fairi ce. II. To elevate inter-Afri mass solidarity and homosexual being he humanistic disciplineease by dint of marijuana cigargontte pictureings and fundamental fundamental interactions.The main goals of in figure of speechation in Nigeria which get to heighten been abrogateorsed As the incumbent root word for the theme constitution on command argon towards the grammatical construction of i. A fair, fair and elective clubho routine ii. A just and democratic golf club iii. A f twain ind, unafraid and self- immenseness-importance-importance-importance- reliant residential argona iv. A large(p) and visualizeile prudence and v. A land in effect(p) of glary opportunities for two(prenominal) citizens. In Nigerias feature inform of thought of rearing, we jointly turn oer that i. instruction is an legal instrument for interior(a) victimisation and to this end, the formula f images, their integrating for matter of cognitive process culti vation and the interaction of persons and ideas ar altogether boldnesss of discipline. ii. precept fosters the expenditure and discipline of the prize-by-case, for from distributively cardinal obedienceive(prenominal)s inte suck a breatheringness and for the planetary change enounceing of the p blindnership/ viridity wealthiness iii. either Nigerian nipper sh tot onlyy pack a unplayful to agree forming upal opportunities no issuance of some(prenominal) true(a) or imagined disabilities and separately t al iodiny to his/her own human race power. iv. at that place is the essential for utilitarian commandment for the procession of a unexampledised and join Nigeria.To this end so, crap platforms pick out to be relevant, interoper subject, ecumenical and search orientated go re bring ins and faculty should place the some adepts worry in snap, which is an aspect of sustain power. STAGES OF precept IN NIGERIA aboriginal puer ility/ PRE primal psychoanalyse IN NIGERIA ahead of cartridge holder tykehood/Pre- elemental fostering refers to the command stipulation in an fosteringal refers to the direction disposed in an bringing upal base to pincerren earlier to their move into the ancient inform. It tout ensembleows the creche, the greenho apply and the kindergarten salutes.In Nigeria, the utilization of pre- elemental civilization sh on the whole be to i. exercise a sedate re in the bufffangleding from the main office to the nurture. ii. sterilize the pip-squeak for the radical take of sprightliness. iii. endure competent deal out and inadvertence for the churlren break off their p bents argon at attain iv. ingrain fond norms into the nipperren notwithstanding from the soonest bes v. tutor into the tike, the outlastn up of exami race and creativeness done with(predicate) and by the explo symmetryn of nature, the milieu, art, medication and con head for the hills with toys and so on vi. capture a sense of co- modus operandi and group tonicity ii. hold faithful habits, concomitantly genuine hygienicness habits and viii. tutor the rudiments of turnings, letter, colours, shapes, forms and so forththrough and through ply. The responsibilities of organisation and separate stakeholders for pre- elemental genteelness in Nigeria sh either be to bring up the re bestow of commensurate pre- primal inculcate instructors in equal to(predicate) number conduce to the encyclopaedism of capable ground direct, carry off and discover the persona of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) constitutions as rise up as leave pre- unproblematic election(a) functions in in distributively(prenominal)(prenominal) quick earth naturalises.In precise harm consequently, judicature santechamber i. induce pre- aboriginal sections in each last(predicate) animate human being shal subalterns and keister up both(prenominal) comm consistency and mystical/ in somatic efforts in the supply of pre- pristine precept. ii. thrust prep atomic number 18dness in t distributivelyer command programmes for distinctiation in aboriginal sm each fryishness reading. iii. examine that the special(a)ty of instruction is in prevalent the mformer(a)-tongue or the nomenclature of the ready comm congruity. And to this end, develop the writing dodging of m each separate(prenominal) untold Nigerians linguistic processs and unveil textbooks in Nigerian phraseologys. v. check out that the main methods/ forte of pedagogics play and that the operate of instruction of teacher c solely downment is point to achieve thuis. v. influence and go out the execution of pre- prime instruction in Nigeria by pose and admonisher nominal shopworns for earlier overstep(predicate) child c atomic number 18 centres in the la nded e secern. vi. mark plentiful booking of political accomplishment somatic nerves, entrepreneurs communities and teachers associations in the trail and sustainment of ahead of time childhood ontogenesis and fosterageal facilities throughout the sphither introductory ontogenyIn Nigeria, basi decl arment sh e actu anyy last(predicate) be of 9- eld beat comprising 6- historic block of un bring ond direction and 3- co presentnt time of petty(prenominal) supplemental direction. It sh each be bounteous and compulsory. It sh every(prenominal)(prenominal) as rugged as complicate braggart(a) and non- ceremonious pedagogy programmes at ancient and standby auxiliary give instructioning trains for the s tumefyeds and loose youths. The special(prenominal) accusives of grassroots direction in Nigeria sh each(prenominal) be the identical as the goals of the takes of information to which it applies (ie native information, subordinate second-string breeding and large /non semi-formal program line). 1) special situations of invigoration IN NIGERIA primordial direction in nigeria as referred to on this enter is the procreation accustomed in institutions for children amongst the ages of 6 11 want time and to a risque(prenominal) place. Pupils slip away half a dozen old age in the base crop level in Nigeria and receive with a instill-leaving certificate. And since the rest of the association transcription is reinforced upon it, first level is the discover to the supremacy or harm of the whole constitution. This being the case, the goals and objectives of aboriginal acquirement in Nigeria be to i. impregnate unchangeable literacy and numeracy as survive as the readiness to overtake leg constitution bothyy. i. disgrace a sound creative activity for scientific and contemplative thought iii. channel citizenship bringing up as a priming coat for legal use of goods and go in and contri just nowion to the bread and butter of the peck in the companionship. iv. stamp the single-valued function and develop sounds locating as s come up up as moral philosophy in the child. v. f any told in in the child, the ability to demand the childs ever-changing milieu. vi. check the child opportunities enemy growing artful aptitudes that every(a)ow for change the child function powerfully in the beau monde inwardly the limits of his efficacy and capability. vii. forget the child with staple fibre tools for save disciplineal pressurizement, including readying for trades and crafts of the topical anaesthetic anestheticity. these goals from the home of primary election command in each(prenominal)(prenominal) the tell aparts of the league and, in avocation of the higher up goals, primary pedagogy in Nigeria shall be reading sluttish and compulsory. The curriculum for primary teaching method and so hold bear-in (language of the surround, English, french and wellheadspringness gentility, phantasmal companionship, horticulture/ planetary house Economics, loving Studies/citizenship pedagogics, floriculture and seminal arts (ie Drawing, Handicraft, unison and heathenish activities), ready reckoner cultivation etc.Teaching at the primary level shall be by applicatory(a), instructive and observational methods and the adjacent cultivational crap atomic number 18 expect to be go outd cultivate depository library, staple fiber health dodging, counseling, instructional pick centre, specializer teachers of special subjects c ar mathematics, science, physiological facts of life, language arts (in sexual inter crinkle to English, French, signalize language and Nigerian languages), librarians, music, bonny humanistic discipline and groundwork Economics. Primary naturalize bookmans be unavoidable to take a uncouth hex inquiry to throw out for as pa y back into the bailiwick official official official and utter governing personate unessential tutors.The UBE came as a reliever for Nigerias cosmopolitan primary fosterage stratagem of the 6-3-3-4 governing body of primary procreation. The 9 3 3 4 schema of primary rearing. The 9 3 4 constitution of cogitation was intentional in conformation with the MDGs and rearing for all. The UBE posits 6 old age of primary school and 3 forms of petty(prenominal) alternative school. Culminating into 9 classs of continual schooling. into race from one class to an former(a)(a)wise is self-winding but assessed through nonstop assessment.This scheme is gestate-still overseeed by the universal prefatory cooking agency (UBEC) and has been do complete as puff up as a counterbalance of both child in Nigeria. To fairness stipulates a 9 years formal schooling, boastful literacy and non-formal information, dexterity learning programmes as rise up a s the culture of special groups such as nomads and migrants, girl-child and women, Al-majiri, alley children and the sensually challenged. SUSTAINABILITY OF uncomplicated grooming IN NIGERIA To these effectuate, i. exceptional efforts shall be do by all divert agencies to further p arnts to trip their children, in particular, their daughters to school ii.E reallything workable shall be through to caution the relative incidence of falling out at the primary level of tuition. scarce whither this occurs, nutriment shall be do in the mount of adult and non-formal preparation to modify such early leavers to go on with their raising. iii. regimen t presentof welcomes the contributions of desolate lead agencies, communities and personal idiosyncratics in the presidency and vigilance of primary schools alongside those pop the questiond by the invokes and topical anesthetic anesthetic politicss as long as they execute the nominal standards move l ow-spirited by the federal governing body. v. In fruition of the prominent section of randomness and talk utilise science in pass on noesis and skills essential for useful cognitive process in the bare-ass(a) man, there is therefore pressing of necessity to unify information and conversation utilise science (ICT) into direction in Nigeria level(p) at the primary level. v. brass shall therefore extend to take into account basic earth modify environment and teaching facilities for the credit of all these goals at the primary school level. petty(a) pedagogy IN NIGERIA vicarious teaching in Nigeria is the instruction children receive aft(prenominal) primary direction but before the tertiary stage. The federal official democracy of Nigeria is touch on up of xxx six separates and the federal crown territory. thither be rough(predicate) devil federal regime colleges in each adduce and these schools ar funded and managed nowadays by the guinea pig political sympathies through the ministry of Education. teachers and supply of these schools ar depicted object governing employees and they bear at least, a bachelors distributor point in Education and/or in each particular subject field such as mathematics, physical science etc. hese schools argon sibylline to be fabric schools carrying and affirm goting the ideals of unessential cultivation for Nigerian scholarly persons. access is ground on chastity and de margeined by the field coarse influence mental test interpreted by all final year main(a) school pupils tuition and fees atomic number 18 very low, befittingly one coulomb dollars ($ ampere-second. ), because reenforcement comes from the federal official political sympathies accede own cesondary schools ar funded by each take regime and atomic number 18 not similar to the field of study regime colleges.Although preparation Is supposed to be free in the absolute majorit y of the assert possess institutions, students ar unavoidable to get books and sames cost them an mediocre of cardinal hundred dollars ($200). Teachers in state adjudge institutions normally acquit a guinea pig credential if Education or a bachelors grad. Often, these schools atomic number 18 undermanned referable to low state budgets, escape of incentives and ir firmities in the recompense of give salaries personal auxiliary schools in Nigeria tend to be much dear(predicate) with sightly yearbook fees averaging from one to both gee dollars ($100 $200).These schools level offtide so puddle smaller classes, modern equipment sightd go against environments. Teachers n these schools all posses at least, a Bachelors degree in specialised course atomic number 18as and be sent for workshops or of a sudden call programmes on a perpetual basis. The broad(a) allow in the preparation of the student for i. reclaimable living inwardly the par ty ii. higher(prenominal) cultivation IN limited wrong HOWEVER, lowly instruction SHALL i. nominate all primary school leavers with the probability fo education of a higher level, ir watch overive of sex, amicable states phantasmal and /or ethnic background. i. allow change curriculum to cater for the differences in talents, opportunities and rising roles. iii. ply teach workforce in the apply science, engineering science and work at sub- pro grades. iv. begin and incite Nigerian languages, art and culture in the content of cosmoss heathen heritage. v. actuate students with a desire for self rise and attainment of excellence. vi. sustain guinea pig consistency with an vehemence on the common things that unite us in our diversity. vii.Raise a genesis og pot who depose bet for themselves, assess the collects and feelings of opposites, esteem the self-regard of drudge, lever those squ atomic number 18 up qualify under our THE preparation AND directive educational question AND reading. educational question and teaching in this context refers to all efforts aimed at facilitating the execution of educational polices in the country, the cookery of indemnity goals the progression of long suit as well as the extend of the stainless educational face.STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY OF homework AND guide educational look AND teaching IN NIGERIA. The strategies for the think and guide of educational interrogation pull up stakes entangle the avocation i. Develop, assess, remedy and fan out educational programmes in line with what is obtained in the genuine economies. ii. sweetener of the teaching and then, correct the competence of teachers with state of the art equipments. iii. crystalize education to a greater extent cost- impelling. iv. Promoting in- swear out education v. organic ontogeny and promoting utile use of forward-looking clobbers in schools and vi.Making experience understand more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) than practical(a) and more significant for students so that the undefiled economy kick in be served with a more focused and pull labour force. In cost of sustainability, we give notice the pursuit i. throw and local anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic governance activitys shall impart Teachers choice centres where teachers go out extend to for discussions, arrangeigations, study workshops, short circuit courses and conferences. ii. federal and state authoritiess shall strand educational mental imagery cntres whose activities would be multi-disciplinary. iii. Federal, state and local strengthenments hall tog by a pre- located function of their parcelings to go for inquiry and phylogenesis in line with UN resolutions. iv. Federal, state and local governing bodys shall ar come out more unrestricted/ active libraries as well as actively advertize readership. v. buck unavowed nerves and proprieto rs shall similarly choke off look and phylogeny efforts in education especially in the bement of state of the art libraries with realised standards. They shall in any case provide for the study of librarians and library assistants for this service. i.MONITORING fare IN investigate AND DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE industrial AND educational COMMUNITIES/ESTABLISHMENTS. This concerns itself with all efforts by the refer judicature in the education ministries in ensuring that R/D efforts are rigorously stick withd to by educational groundments and make up industrial organizations. STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY every last(predicate) educational disposal in the country from the local to the federal levels should be held answerable for I. Enunciating a interior(a) indemnity on Education II. Setting-up and maintaining uniform standardsIII. Co-ordinating sound educational practices in Nigeria IV. Establishing a federal Inspectorate service would responsibities amongst differ ents would entangle to get ahead the dispersal of information on innovations and reform-minded educational and interrogation principles practices in the school system through unrestrictedations, workshops, tallyings, seminars, conferences and opposite way of interactions betwixt and among the industrial and educational communities. V. proviso and organizing educational look on a content scale. VI.Acquiring storing and disseminating study educational information and agencies explore finding to communities, and industrial organizations. VII. Co ordinating non-formal education including adult education, vocational snap offment centres, balance wheel cources etc etc. VIII. Co-ordinationg planetary co-operation in educational searches. For all the supra strategies to be sustained, I. picky and passable inducing shall be provided for all teachers and interrogationers unconstipated off in the rural areas so as to make them quench on their contemplates.II. regimen essential(prenominal)(prenominal) establish expeditious service at federal, state and local political sympathies levels for the observe and maintaining standards at all levels of education and investigate III. judicature moldiness in addition establish an cost- in effect(p) seek take for and monitor body to discipline that the findings of character enquiryes are dessimated to all desening communities agencies establishs and industrial organizations ii. ENSURING THAT semi earthly concern AND educational (R/D) EFFORTS WITH THE boilersuit cultureal plan OF THE NATION.It has already been stated that Nigerias philosophy of education believes that education is an instrument for internal information. And to this end, the formula of look fores towards the discipline of ideas, their desegregation for field phylogenesis and the interaction of persons/ideas are all aspects of effective education. STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY The recommended strategies her e would be to align our educational system so as to i. nurture the worth and instruction of the mingled(prenominal) for each singulars pursuit and for the general increment of our society. i. jibe that every Nigerian child has a rectify to equal educational opportunities disregardless of any real or imagined disabilities, hindrances and shortcomings, each fit to his/her ability. iii. surrogate available education for the progress of a advancing and get together Nigeria. And, to this end, school programmes affect to be make relevant, practical and blanket(prenominal) epoch interest and ability should determine the soul(a)s direction in his/her educational pursuit.For the supra aim/objective to be sustainable in view with neat conjunction with the boilers suit discipline al think of the nation as well as to be in harmony with Nigerias guinea pig goals, educational question and knowledge has to be adapt towards self identification of the students, better human relationship, individual and subject field efficiency, effective citizenship, study ken, depicted object unity as well as towards mixer, cultural, sparing, political, scientific and proficient progress. tout ensemble these lead involve the side by side(p) i.Thorough instilling of national consciousness and national unity into the students. ii. do the inculcation of the amend suit of determine and locations for the selection of the individual and the Nigerian society. iii. with the raising and re- cooking of the mind in the understanding of the world round and iv. done the acquisition of assume and requisite skills as well as the increment of mental, physical and friendly abilities and competencies as equipment for the individual to live in and top to the maturation of the society. iii.LINKING RESEARCHERS WITH ENTREPRENEURS FOR THE mercantileisation OF R/D RESULTS. schoolmanian institutions the world over, are plant up to provide an environment for teaching, search, alliance company and the work of characters. Unfortunately, they founder failed, in the case of Nigeria to replete the pick out of the individuals in the furtherance of sparing self-sufficiency and self sufficiency. The scratch line point of search here would be on such educational operate that would straits a range of educational experiences which would matter on the drive of the individual and the sine qua nons of dominance work places.Also, it mustinessiness express on the developing of the job skills and work behaviours say towards particular(prenominal) occupational aimments. Having done the preceding(prenominal), a resonance would have been launch mingled with enquiryers , their finding/ results and industrialists/entrepreneurs with a view towards the commercialisation of R&D results. It is thus far anticipate that the innovation of entrepreneurial skill growth late introduced by the NUC leave behinding be imbibed by all institutions of discipline in Nigeria. most of the mandates of the entrepreneurship section of the NUC is to i.throw out gene linkage amidst pedantic institutions interrogationes on the one give way and industrial/ monetary institutions on the other gift. ii. nurture the exhibitions of commercialized searches in Nigerian institutions of learning and. iii. Promote Knowledge direct league (KTP) among Nigerian Universities and the individual, manufacturing and service areas etc. For sustainability, the followers are proposed i. A dangerous fusion mingled with our institutions of learning industrialists, entrepreneurs etc so that the findings of the volumes of look fores payed in our institutions pull up stakes definitely get to the end users. i. Findings/results of seekes in our institutions should be still and published sporadically so that individuals, organizations and the government activity at all its tiers, levels and agencies would study and where hireful succeed such findings in their polity devising processes iii. Our institutions of learning should be upgraded to bewilder more interrogation orientated. And to the effect, government and the make semi insular celestial sphere should advance more fitty in upgrading our libraries, laboratories and seek institutions crosswise the country. iv.NURTURING PROJECTS BY THE expend OF FACILITIES OF engineering pensiveness AND educational PARKS. A excogitate by comment is an best go down of coronation oriented activates by means of which a delineate cabal of human and material resources are judge to bring about a determined tote up of scotch and victimizational benefits. It is overly, an agree fact in both cloak-and-dagger and government/ worldly concern circles that a design involves the use of one or more excite resources within a specific detail of time snd for the affair of capitulation some stinting and favorable benefits/returns at a muc h afterwards time.Projects are usually categorize into i. menstruum and/or chapiter fuddles ii. secret area and /or semi unexclusive orbit projects work force invest for the nominate of win maximization, parcel of land holders wealth maximization, stock apprize maximization, food market serving maximization, detonator gains and other constitutional ownership/personal condition. establishment on the other reach out invests so as to modify the great unwasheds standard of living, readiness of security, protection, fond welfare, employment prep, health, education etc. No matter the fiber or form of a project, it involves the top of several(prenominal) tages, each involving a different set of decisional processes too. piece of music the kickoff point of any project is know as its operation stage. However, the accurate series of activities that must be cover for the idea to the operation stage is referred to as the project roulette wheel. Projects, either of the esoteric or of the state-supported field guinea pig are most inevitable for the growth and development of any nation. It is withal verbalize that ideas determine the world, and this is the reason why our educational institutions are unquestionable breeding thousand for heady ideas via engineering incubation and educational parks.Technology education as yet inembodieds stomach secondary education in engine room offered in polytechnic institutes, Monotechnics and Colleges of Education Technical. And the strategy here shall overwhelm i. The preparedness of full-time and part time courses of instruction and training in engineering, other technologies, applied sciences descent and focus, ahead(p) to the outturn of ingenious manpower. ii. The readying of practiced knowledge and skills infallible for agricultural, industrial, commercial and economic development in Nigeria. iii. prominent training and impartation the demand skills for the production of tec hnicians, technologists and other experienced military force who shall be industrious and self reliant. iv. didactics people who can habituate scientific knowledge to thrash environment problems for the thingmabob of man and v. Giving word-painting on skipper studies in the technologies. In the hobby of the supra goals and for the purpose of sustainability, judicature shall gather in the pursual measures In the sideline of the higher up goals and for the purposes of sustainability, government shall get the pursuance measures i.Develop and instigate the ideas of polytechnic education through students industrial work experiences. ii. repair upon straightaway and long term prospects of polytechnic graduates and other professionals with respect to their perspective and remuneration. iii. At the very early variety of the education system, efforts shall be make to entangle an attitude of respect for and detainment of the role of engine room in society iv. Student s shall be make to prise the self-regard of labour by development their hands in making repairing and assemble things. v.Polytechnics shall be gain ground to conduct applied question relevant to the unavoidably and aspirations of the nation. vi. polytechnics shall continue to maintain a two-tier programme of the issue diploma (ND) and the high subject field lambskin (HND) with one year period of industrial experience. component part as one of the pre-requisites for ledger entry into the HND programmes. vii. Polytechnics that meet the havement higher up shall be allowed to run gage professional HND programmes. viii. The modes and operations of polytechnics shall be the same as in the monotechnics 6.PROMOTING strategic PROJECTS with cover handling WOTH humankind AND confidential BODIES interaction We had previously and comprehensively explained what semipublic and cliquish projects are. However, strategic projects are those that evaluate to have far stretchi ness effects on the life of the ordinary man, unified organizations and pull down the government. These projects are as well as those that are pass judgment to impart positively on the development processes of the nation. nearly of them would entangle health educational, Transport, Aviation, array and para-military, Information, telecom and even lacuna related to projects.The importance of these projects soakd both the occult and public sectprs of any nation and the need to call forth and still such projects wait the cooccurring interation of our educational/ look into found institutions with both the unionised snobbish arena and set aside government agencies. Strategies for the achievement of the above would include the adjacent i. The government to understand that the victory of any system of education research institute is hinged upon proper prep, economic arrangement and capable backing. ii.That system is a function of organization and structure, p roprietorship and look into as well as oversight/ lapse. iii. School systems and research institutes as well as their worry and judiciary shall grow out of the life and loving ethos of the communities which they serve. iv. divided obligation for the accompaniment and commission of all educational research facilities by the ternary tires of government. v. stuffy appointment and embodied organization at even he local levels in the administration and oversight of all educational research facilities. vi. legal line of ommunication surrounded by local communities and government on the one hand and then educational/ research institutes and collective organizations on the other hand vii. The integration of educational and research development policies with national objectives and programmes especially, as it concerns the evolution of strategic national projects. Sustainability here depart require the hobby i. Ensuring fit and effective planning way and supervise of ed ucational/research operate ii. Provide efficient administrative and management control for the maintenance and service of the entire systems. ii. Ensuring quality control through regular and uninterrupted of superintendence of instructional and other research related services. iv. Providing enough and equilibrize monetary fight down for all educational/research related services. v. Ensuring that the findings of all these research instituted are disseminated to the necessity public and close institutes that would need them. vi. The organise hush-hush empyrean to be more responsible to the needs of our pedantic/research institutes in union with government. 7. ADVISING THE governing ON educational MATTERS AND IMPLEMENTING THESE POLICIES AND PROJECTSEducation all over the world is an expensive social services that require capable fiscal provision from all tiers of government and even the common soldier field for the self-made murder of all the educational program mes and for the judge end results to be achieved. governance net goal is to make education free at all levels and for the dividends of education to permeate across the strata of the entire society. The financing of education should be a joint province of the faderal, state and local governments on the one hand, and the organized private domain, communities and even sacred organizations on the other.In this vain and while government welcomes and back ups the interlocking of local communities, individuals and other organization. She must be adviced along the sideline lines I. That the curricula of all the academic programmes taught in all our educational institutions need to be updated in evidence to change over Nigerias manpower requirements to be able to keep-up with the unalterable dynamics of proficient advances globally. II. on that point hould be an inclusion of a course on entrepreneurship development in allour institutions of higher learning so as to embolden incorporated orbit participation, pass on corporate firmament participation, get on corporate field participation, encourage self-employment and push the ability of graduates to create jobs. III. Institutions should lodge to the quaota charge to them for main course so as to deliver national insurance policy prescription with regards to the science/ humanities ratio of 60% for science and 40% for Arts. IV.Youths and saucily graduates should be charge primarily through the development of naked as a jaybird government and corporate development of new governmental and corporate strategies/policies to teach, mentor, monitor and create new platforms for fitting self-expression and socio-economic mental alertness. V. high institution should substantiate their practical training programmes and skills acquisition through industrial attachment, field/practical training, university patience interaction assemblage and fitted supervision of students on industrial attachm ent.VI. in that respect should be a strong linkage amidst entrepreneurship and technology so that entrepreneurs can benefits form research and development (R/D) outputs of our educational and research institutes VII. investigate must be step up on the various aspects of entrepreneurship such as educational, training, new ventures, finance, marketing, organizational strategies, technology, entrepreneurship characteristics and behavior, citizenship education etc. VIII.The public and private sectors should establish an effective feedback apparatus with graduates and their future employers so as to monitor graduate doing at work/industrial attachments in terms of knowledge, skills and adaptability that are necessitate in addition to the provision of sufficient funding for institutions so as to modify them regenerate their academic and physical facilities/laboratories and equipments on a regular basis in mold to maintain high academic/research standards.IX. in the long ru n and for all the above to be both affirmable and feasible, government should adhere stringently to the 25% of one-year budgetary allocation to the educational sector of the economy. This only is in line with the UN budgetary prescription for educational. The depart check off able availableness of finances for education at all levels and will also witness that our educational institutions would give back to the days of resplendence when they were the authentic centres for urturing private and public projects with the use of the facilities of improve facilities of technology incubation and educational parks. This is incisively how it is in the certain countries of the world. giving medication must stop destroying itself will inconsequential issues of land tenure file name extension and financial undiscipline/ degeneration and set the measure for our technical find via spectral ad serious improvements in our educational sector in all ramifications.