Is Knowledge Worth Seeking :: essays research papers

Socrates argued that actively seeking out knowledge leads to the ability of man to moderate his behavior accordingly. If unitary examines a situation thoughtfully, and from several angles, the most logical scat of action will present itself. By exercising this method of reasoning a psyche becomes wise. Socrates would c every this the ability to govern the qualities of your soul properly and it is doubtlessly what he sought. The process brings out the virtuous qualities in man and allows him to make decisions based on fairness, which leads ultimately to good. Discipline of the mind basin only realise its owner and thus knowledge is worth seeking. Socrates defines knowledge as absolute truth. He believes that everything in the universe is innately connected if hotshot thing is cognize then potentially everything can be derived from that one truth. The fundamental ideas that Socrates seeks to uncover be called forms. This innovation is illustrated when Socrates questions Meno on what virtue is. Meno answer with several examples of what is virtuous. This of course is non what Socrates is asking he is asking Meno what all virtuous acts sh are in common. For Socrates this relationship among all virtuous acts is what virtue fundamentally is. A soulfulness can see virtuous acts but cannot see virtue. Because of this, the idea of virtue must be somewhere independent of the perceivable world. This is true with all forms or ideas of perfection they are something that cannot be known by gentlemans gentleman sense but good out by individual human thought.One cannot, however, steal knowledge for right opinion. Socrates makes distinctions between right opinion and knowledge. Opinions are not something that one can seek because they are beliefs held on shaky ground. True opinions are a fine thing and do all sorts of good so long as they vex in their place, but they will not stay long. They run away from a mans mind (97-98, Meno) Knowledge is unmistakable tru th that cannot be changed in an argument it holds true in all situations in all time.In matters pertaining to everlasting truths, one can argue that such truths are relative only to man in his finite wistful state. If these absolute ideas are true for all of time, did they exist before man did? If so, who was it that thought of them? Since one must contemplate these absolute truths (and the origin of anything contemplated is in the human mind), they are thus absolute only to humans.Is Knowledge Worth Seeking essays research cover Socrates argued that actively seeking out knowledge leads to the ability of man to moderate his behavior accordingly. If one examines a situation thoughtfully, and from several angles, the most logical course of action will present itself. By exercising this method of reasoning a person becomes wise. Socrates would call this the ability to govern the qualities of your soul properly and it is undoubtedly what he sought. The process brings out the virtuo us qualities in man and allows him to make decisions based on truth, which leads ultimately to good. Discipline of the mind can only benefit its owner and thus knowledge is worth seeking. Socrates defines knowledge as absolute truth. He believes that everything in the universe is innately connected if one thing is known then potentially everything can be derived from that one truth. The fundamental ideas that Socrates seeks to uncover are called forms. This concept is illustrated when Socrates questions Meno on what virtue is. Meno answer with several examples of what is virtuous. This of course is not what Socrates is asking he is asking Meno what all virtuous acts share in common. For Socrates this relationship between all virtuous acts is what virtue fundamentally is. A person can see virtuous acts but cannot see virtue. Because of this, the idea of virtue must exist somewhere independent of the perceivable world. This is true with all forms or ideas of perfection they are someth ing that cannot be known by human sense but reasoned out by individual human thought.One cannot, however, mistake knowledge for right opinion. Socrates makes distinctions between right opinion and knowledge. Opinions are not something that one can seek because they are beliefs held on shaky ground. True opinions are a fine thing and do all sorts of good so long as they stay in their place, but they will not stay long. They run away from a mans mind (97-98, Meno) Knowledge is unmistakable truth that cannot be changed in an argument it holds true in all situations in all time.In matters pertaining to everlasting truths, one can argue that such truths are relative only to man in his finite reflective state. If these absolute ideas are true for all of time, did they exist before man did? If so, who was it that thought of them? Since one must contemplate these absolute truths (and the origin of anything contemplated is in the human mind), they are thus absolute only to humans.

1st Battle of Bull run :: essays research papers

The first major battle of the elegant War was fought in Virginia, near the Manassas, Virginia railway junction, after which the battle is called (or freshman Bull Run, named after the flowing stream on the battlefield, if of the Union persuasion). The armies in this first battle were not very large by later Civil War standards. The national forces under Brigadier General Irvin McDowell were organized into four voices (five, if one includes Runyans division), of about 30,000 hands. These divisions were overshadowed by Tyler, Hunter, Heintzelman, (Runyan), and Miles. The Confederate command structure was somewhat to a greater extent unwieldy, including two "armies", with no division structure and thirteen independent brigades under Bonham, Ewell, Jones, Longstreet, Cocke, Early, Holmes, Kershaw, Evans, Jackson, Bartow, Bee, Smith, and a cavalry brigade under Stuart. The Confederate Army of the Potomac was under the command of Brigadier General Pierre G. T. Beauregard, an d the Army of the Shenandoah was commanded by Brigadier General Joseph E. Johnston. These two forces would equal McDowells strength. Interestingly enough, each commander had planned to initiate an assail on the other side with a feint attack on the enemys right flank and a massed attack on the opposite flank. Had this been done simultaneously, and some(prenominal) been successful in their purpose, the two armies would have simply pivoted around each other and ended up in each others rear, able to march unopposed to Washington or Richmond, as the case may be. As it turned out, the general least successful in initiating this movement was the winner. McDowell had planned to use Tylers division as the diversionary attack at the Stone Bridge, while Davies brigade did the same at Blackburns crossway. At the same time, Hunters and Heintzelmans divisions would cross Bull Run at Sudley Springs and attack from the north. McDowells green troops involved in the flanking column, reached their jumping off positions two and a half hours behind schedule. Tylers and Davies attacks at the Stone Bridge and Blackburns Ford were already well under way, and the Confederate high command was beginning to sense a ruse because the Union attacks were not pressed very hard. When Beauregard was notified that Federal troops were massing on his left flank, he realized that this must be the main attack so began to shift his own troop dispositions. The Federals had about 18,000 men in the main attack column and it was only thanks to the quick reactions of Colonel "Shank" Evans and his small brigade that Beauregard did not suffer a major disaster.

Growing Up In A Single-Parent Family Essay -- Single Parent Family Pap

Growing Up In A Single-Parent Family With the divorce rate as high as it is, more and more children are growing up in single-parent families. Ideally, it is better for children to live with their mom and dad happily married however, children who grow up in single-parent households can still be well- adjusted children, teenagers, and adults. Although thither are always exceptions to every rule, for the most part, children who grow up in single-parent act uponing households are more mature, realistic and independent. First, in a single-parent working family, children draw to be more mature. The children are more mature because they often have to be responsible for themselves. For example, if their mom or dad has to work late, or if they work evenings, the children are in control of when to do their homework or even in some cases when to go to bed. Also, children in this environment or situation sometimes have to be responsible for taking care of their br other, sister or other close relatives. For example, they have to be re...

Ethical Considerations in Customer Relationship Management Essay

AbstractDue to surfaces such as managed make do contracting, and the financial impact of indigent care, wellness care providers find themselves in competition for patients with adequate health insurance, or the ability to pay cash for services provided to try to maintain fiscal solvency. E-health applications serve non only to advertise the services of a facility, still also to help the health care provider identify capability patients for the services they offer. In this motif I will explore the ethical considerations of Consumer relationship trouble (CRM) applications and services, which are increasingly being utilized to help target potential consumers for health care providers.When inquiring about a health aim on the internet, do internet users give up their expectations for privacy regarding their healthcare information? Although consumers may not expect the information they provide to get into the database of marketing firms, this is often exactly what happens. Consum er Relationship Management (CRM) software firms or service providers are a growth industry. The purpose of CRM software in the healthcare field, is to answer providers in identifying potential customers for a service based on information they have supplied. This information flush toilet be provided in a number of ways. In some cases, the consumer has knowingly supplied the information to the actual provider via an inquiry sent from the providers website. In other cases the provider determines a marketing target based upon archeological site information in their own database by linking relationships which may help identify a potential need. however in another scenario, identification of a potential consumer is based on information they provided at another website, which was ... ... an Innovative CRM Solution for Health Care Organizations. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from DM Review Web site http//www.dmreview.com/editorial/newsletter_article.cfm?nl=dmdirect&articleId=1066948&is sue=20423CPM-Solutions. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from CRM Health Portal Web site http//www.cpm.com/providers/solutions/emarketing.cfmPoulsen, Kevin (2007, May 14). Attorneys General demand that MySpace give up call forth offenders. Wired, Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http//blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2007/05/attorneys_gener.htmlRichards, Johnathan (2007, July 25). Sex offenders can use social sites secern police. Times Online, Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http//technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article2137973.eceWebMD Privacy Policy. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from WebMD.com Web site http//www.webmd.com/policies/about-privacy-policypart7c Ethical Considerations in Customer Relationship Management EssayAbstractDue to issues such as managed care contracting, and the financial impact of indigent care, healthcare providers find themselves in competition for patients with adequate health insurance, or the ability to pay cash for services provided to try to maintain fiscal solvency. E-health applications serve not only to advertise the services of a facility, but also to help the health care provider identify potential patients for the services they offer. In this paper I will explore the ethical considerations of Consumer Relationship Management (CRM) applications and services, which are increasingly being utilized to help target potential consumers for health care providers.When inquiring about a health condition on the internet, do internet users give up their expectations for privacy regarding their healthcare information? Although consumers may not expect the information they provide to get into the database of marketing firms, this is often exactly what happens. Consumer Relationship Management (CRM) software firms or service providers are a growing industry. The purpose of CRM software in the healthcare field, is to assist providers in identifying potential customers for a service based on information they have sup plied. This information can be provided in a number of ways. In some cases, the consumer has knowingly supplied the information to the actual provider via an inquiry sent from the providers website. In other cases the provider determines a marketing target based upon mining information in their own database by linking relationships which may help identify a potential need. Yet in another scenario, identification of a potential consumer is based on information they provided at another website, which was ... ... an Innovative CRM Solution for Health Care Organizations. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from DM Review Web site http//www.dmreview.com/editorial/newsletter_article.cfm?nl=dmdirect&articleId=1066948&issue=20423CPM-Solutions. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from CRM Health Portal Web site http//www.cpm.com/providers/solutions/emarketing.cfmPoulsen, Kevin (2007, May 14). Attorneys General demand that MySpace give up sex offenders. Wired, Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http//blog.wired.com/2 7bstroke6/2007/05/attorneys_gener.htmlRichards, Johnathan (2007, July 25). Sex offenders can use social sites say police. Times Online, Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http//technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article2137973.eceWebMD Privacy Policy. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from WebMD.com Web site http//www.webmd.com/policies/about-privacy-policypart7c

Fraudelence Personified :: essays research papers

Fraudulence PersonifiedThe forgiver is the best representation of an allegorical lawsuit in The Prologue of Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. The forgiver is the perfect personification of fraudulence. He shows this in three basic ways his appearance, speech, and actions. If one just glances through the reading of the Pardoner than one will think that he is a good religious serviceman, but if one look further into it than he will find the elfin double meanings that he is the exact opposite. Chaucer likes to use an allegorical style to add some comedy and sophistication to his writings.The comedy is most heavily used in the Pardoners description than in any other part of The Canterbury Tales. For example (page 135, line 712) There was no pardoner of equal grace/ For in his trunk he had a pillow case. When the words no pardoner of equal grace are used you are lead to believe that the Pardoner is a great man, but if you look back in the reading you will find totally different things. He is a dirty, immoral man that really does not have much grace. Another example of the sarcastic comedy is (page 135, line 727) In church he was a noble ecclesiast. How swell up he read a lesson or told a story But best of all he sang an Offertory, For well he knew that when that song was render Hed have to preach and tune his honey-tongue Thats why he sang so merrily and loud. Again the text seems to be utter he is a noble ecclesiast and that he likes to preach the word of God to others. If one looks at it closer one will find out that affair him a noble ecclesiast is a joke and that he only preaches and sings so that he can take the tithes for himself.There are quite a some examples of the Pardoners actions being the personification of fraudulence throughout lines 608-734. For instance (page 135, line 705) Hed sewed a holy relic on his cap/ His wallet lay before him on his lap,/ Brimful of pardon come from Rome all hot. The relic sewed on his hat showed that he thoug ht of himself as a righteous holy man, and that is one thing he was not. The wallet and the pardons was the most disturbing of his acts. Since he was holding his wallet on his lap, it shows that he is very interested in money.

Fraudelence Personified :: essays research papers

Fraudulence PersonifiedThe Pardoner is the best representation of an allegorical character in The Prologue of Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. The Pardoner is the perfect personification of fraudulence. He shows this in three basic ways his appearance, speech, and actions. If one just glances through the read of the Pardoner than one will think that he is a good spectral man, but if one look further into it than he will find the small double meanings that he is the exact opposite. Chaucer likes to use an allegorical style to confer some comedy and sophistication to his writings.The comedy is most heavily used in the Pardoners description than in any other business office of The Canterbury Tales. For example (page 135, line 712) There was no forgiver of equal grace/ For in his trunk he had a pillow case. When the words no forgiveer of equal grace are used you are lead to believe that the Pardoner is a great man, but if you look back in the reading you will find totally di fferent matters. He is a dirty, immoral man that really does not have much grace. Another example of the satirical comedy is (page 135, line 727) In church he was a noble ecclesiast. How well he read a lesson or told a story hardly best of all he sang an Offertory, For well he knew that when that song was sung Hed have to preach and tune his honey-tongue Thats why he sang so merrily and loud. Again the text seems to be saying he is a noble ecclesiast and that he likes to preach the word of matinee idol to others. If one looks at it closer one will find out that calling him a noble ecclesiast is a joke and that he only preaches and sings so that he can take the tithes for himself.There are quite a few examples of the Pardoners actions being the personification of fraudulence throughout lines 608-734. For antecedent (page 135, line 705) Hed sewed a holy relic on his cap/ His wallet lay before him on his lap,/ Brimful of pardon come from Rome all hot. The relic sewed on his hat sh owed that he thought of himself as a righteous holy man, and that is one thing he was not. The wallet and the pardons was the most disturbing of his acts. Since he was holding his wallet on his lap, it shows that he is very interested in money.

Economic Development Record Essay

Economies all around the globe develop over beat depending on the policies that they undertake to utilise the resources within their boundaries. Nations that utilise their resources experience frugal maturement and there is great inflow and outflow of goods and run in those nations. sparing growth means that the nation is utilising its resources efficiently and this has resulted into change magnituded productivity within the mixed beas of the rescue.Industries within the nation attach as a result of the change economic action that will result to the creation of more employment opportunities hence trim unemployment levels in the nation (Daquila 2004). Due to the join on in the add up of industries and issue in the already lively industries, employment opportunities increase and this brings about a reduction in the number of citizens unemployed. Unemployment is very crucial in cipher a nations gross domestic product which is an indicator to a nations performance. Eco nomic growth depicts an increase in pa capita income.This is the income associated with every individual in the rescue although they may non bedevil it in their possession (Daquila 2004). Pa capita income is calculated by dividing the boilers suit value of the prudence proportionately divided between the nations overall economy. On the other hand, Daquila (2004) defines economic increase as the improvement in the livelihood of individual citizens of a nation together with that of the systems that atomic number 18 in step up in the nation. A nations system involves economic, political and social framework from which the economy operates in. All the above plus economic growth defines economic increment.Economic performance is nebd using various tools that include GNP and GDP. GDP estimates the economic performance giving consideration to internal and external heaps (Daquila 2004). In establishing the GDP, consideration is given to consumption in the nation, expenditure by the political relation, investments in the nation, clienteles in the nation that is imports and exports. Consumption comprises of perish fitted & non-perishable goods and work within the nation. In find the non-perishable goods they are assumed to be products that will last for a period of three years from the date of manufacturing.GNP refers to the difference between imported products and ser depravitys and the exported products. The value of this difference added to the value of products & services generated within the economy results to the GNP. To evaluate the economic performance of a nation, a number of indicators are used to measure exactly how the economy is progressing towards its economic objectives. A nation has to determine the level of consumption of its individual citizens (Todaro 1997). The level of consumption means the proportion an individual passs after(prenominal) receiving their income. The remaining part of the income is saved.The consumption level of a n ation determines the amount of nest egg in the economy. Savings on the other hand, stimulates growth in the economy. When individuals increase their savings, the financial institutions hold more money so the cost of accessing funds is low. Business entities in the nation are able to access funds at a low cost from the financial institutions. The borrowed funds are used for the expansion of business operations across the industries within the economy. The expansion of business activities results to an increase in national output and employment (Munk & OHearn 1999).The increase in national output increases the exports of a nation in respect to its imports. The resulting rest of workmanship will be positive hence the nation has more in terms of foreign reserves that will assist them when it comes to purchasing produces from other countries. then, savings are very vital for the improvement of the performance of an economy. T o induce savings in the economy, the opportunity cost of saving has to be blue so that individuals can adopt a trend of saving since they are compensated bountifully for foregoing consumption.It can be concluded that increase in savings results to an increase in investments that contribute towards the growth of an economy. Increased activity within the economy results to an increase in return levels of the economy (Ros 2000). The nation is able to produce more products & services, that are able to meet the needs of the nations people. Since the products are topical anaestheticly manufactured, they are quite affordable thus individuals are able to spend less(prenominal) and save more. This results to an increase in the real income that individuals have in their pockets and are ready to spend.It should be noted that increased fruit has to be met by equal consumption otherwise it could result to losses that will hurt the economy. Depending on the expansion of the economy, rates of unemployment adjust themselves in more or less the same rates. Increased merchandise will require an increase in manpower that will be able to maintain the production levels. Nations with with child(p) populations governing body a major challenge in absorbing its citizens in the workforce. Individual citizens for a start need to have the relevant skills required to perform in diverse industries.Education in these economies has to be committed and directed towards instilling individuals with the necessary skills that will be useful in rendering service to the various sectors of the economy. A skilled population results to economic development since the individuals are prone to exercise their skill base towards living a better life thus contributing to the economys growth. Economic development depends also on the expenditure of the nations authority (Preston 1999). The presidency consists of various departments that oversee the effectuation of policies that improve the state of the economy.These departments are given the financial po wer to implement and improve on the various economic aspects for example the development of basic theme within the economy. In improving the infrastructure, the government releases money from its coffers to the mankind. This way, the tag on of money increases to equal its demand. In more or less cases, when the government activity spends on its development programs, money supply is more than the money demanded. If this situation is allowed to go unchecked it might result to inflation and later to stagflation a situation where both the unemployment and inflation rates are so high.Therefore, Government sake in an economy has to be considered carefully when undertaking development projects. Increased rates of production in an economy increases the output levels that may go over and beyond in meeting the local demand. Having satisfied the local demand, excess products can be exported to other nations. This facilitates international trade where nations exchange commodities they hav e in excess for commodities they do not have. Nations should repeal importing more and exporting less as this leads to a negative trade balance.This means that the nation spends more in foreign currency than it receives. Third world and developing nations should consider the above variables if they are to achieve spurred economic growth. They most important is to ensure that their population is skilled so that they can utilise their skills by establishing some income generating activity that will create employment opportunities and increase the supply production of their economy. MALAYSIA. The present day Malaysia attained independence in the 1957 from the British administration and accorded the sovereign status in 1963 (Malaysia 2008).The Britons established themselves in early 1880s and later went on to control the state by establishing a self governing authority for the Malayan people. The Federal States of Malaysia were incorporated in the 1895. The states were under the Brit ish control until when the Japanese invaded in 1942. Britain waged war over Japan and in 1945 the states where reinstated under the jurisdiction of the British. In 1948, guerilla movements begun protesting against the colonial authority that resulted to an emergency declaration.In 1965, the Federation state of Singapore disintegrated from the member nations opting for self governance. 1957 saw the attaining of independence of the Federation from the British authorities. In the late 1960s, the Malaysian government sought to balance the economy among its nationals so as to attain economic development by equal distribution of national wealth among its constituent communities (Malaysia 2007). Malaysia has got a rich elaboration that is evident from its diverse communities and language speaking citizens.Its population consists of Chinese speakers, Indians, English, among other languages (Malaysia 2007). The large population consists of Malaysian natives alongside Chinese, Indians and ot her local communities. Malaysia consists of individuals who practise different religious beliefs that include Hindu, Islam, Buddhist, Sikh among other religions. The richness of Malaysia presents it with a competitive workforce than any other nation in the world. The improved economic performance of Malaysia is as a result of a united people from different cultures and not allowing politics to ruin their nation.Malaysia has had to maintain a united nation and management on the togetherness of the nation by avoiding self interests. Malaysia is enriched with natural resources that include crude oil and that it has had to deal with the resource in a careful manner to avoid the negative repercussions that result from the unfair distribution of natural resource gains. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The GDP reflects the total activity in the economy. This considers both the public and private sectors of the economy and their contribution towards the development of the economy.It also take s into consideration the behaviours of the citizens in regards to spending. Malaysias GDP has been increasing constantly from 1998-2008 at a rate of 6- 9 per cent. In 2007, the GDP stood at $357. 4 billion. Malaysias population is slightly higher than 26 million thus giving a pa capita income of $13,300 (UNDP 2008). The GDP in 1986 was at $28. 2 billion. The GDP increase signifies an increase in all major facets of the economy. Government spending has increased from 16. 4 in 1986 to 12. 0 in 2006.The Governments decision to reduce its spending avoids the negative impacts that result when money supply is more than the money demanded in the economy. Key sectors of the economy that have immensely contributed to the GDP are industrial sector that has been a leading contributor since 1986 to 2006 with a percentage of 49. 9 compared to 38. 5 in 1986. Manufacturing follows a close second with 29. 8% in 2006 from 19. 3% in 1986. The provision of services has also reduced from 41. 7% to 41. 3% in 2006. Lastly, agricultural sector has reduced its contribution to the GDP from 19.8 per cent to 8. 7 per cent in 2006 (Malaysia 2007). The above data shows that the economy has shifted its dependency on agriculture as a contributor to the GDP. The economy has shifted its focus mainly from agriculture to industrialization where industries are the main contributors to the GDP. Industrial growth is a major boost to the Malaysian economy since it increases the nations production ability and is able to meet the demand of the nations internal demand. This has elevated Malaysia to an industrialized nation due to its potential ability to the production of services & products.These increased production levels are able to meet local and international demand hence receiving foreign currencies that will result to a positive great account. National Consumption and Savings. According to the World Bank report, the percentage of consumption by the citizens that was used in calculating the G DP decreased from 54. 2 in 1986 to 50. 3 in 2006. That of the government decreased from 16. 4 per cent to 12. 0 per cent . The mean growth per annum indicated the citizens consumption had decreased from 9. 1 to 7. 0 and Government spending reduced from 6.5 to 5. 0. The figures show that both the Government and individuals in the nation have adopted a behaviour of saving or reducing their spending habits. By reducing spending, more is saved with the nations financial institutions as the individuals are compensated for foregoing consumption. Savings spur growth in the sense that investors will borrow funds and expand their business activities that will result to an increase production. The increase in production across the attention results to increase in the national output.An increase in national output will increase the nations participation in international trade thus achieving a favourable trade balance. Low government interference in the economy maintains a stable money supply within the economy. By maintaining stability in money supply in the economy, inflation is avoided since it negatively impacts the economy. Increased government expenditure increases the money supply in the economy. This increases the purchasing power of individuals in a way that they can be able to purchase goods and professional services in the country.This presents a situation whereby there is much money chasing few goods within the economy. To mop up this effect the regulating financial authority will need to increase its interest rates. This means that there will be an increase in cost of borrowing that will result to inaccessibility to funds by corporate organisations. Corporations will be unable to maintain their current levels of production thus the need to lay off its workers. This situation will be characterized by increase in unemployment rates, reducing national output and economic performance.The economy will not be performing at its optimum and will have wasted on its h uman resource. Therefore, Government involvement in large amounts destabilises a nations economic performance. Income and Output Growth Rates. The export of manufactured products have increased since 1986 from USD6. 009m to USD124. 530m in 2006 (World Bank). The above figures indicate that manufacturing has increased over time and that the economy has shifted its focus to increasing its industrial capacity. By increasing industrial capacity ensures that the nations industry is able to satisfy the ever growing demand of the nation.Economic development requires that a nation first satisfies its population fully before embarking on the satisfaction of outside markets. The nation is required to make sure that all find out markets are satisfied and that the demand of a nation is met. These means that different industries will have the capability of serving different markets. Unless a nations population is satisfied, development of an economy is difficult. New industries are formed that provides the final consumer with a product similar to those of another company to enhance competition.Competition among industries ensures the production of quality products that will give the consumer a wide range of choice. Companies will strive to out do one another in both the autochthonic and secondary markets. The increased income and output growth rates can be attributed to the rich natural resources that are found in the nation. The natural resources are new materials that are processed into finished products that are exported to international countries. As of 2004, its partners included the US, Korea, Singapore, Germany, Japan, Hong Kong, Indonesia and China.Among the raw products include oil, copper, timber, natural gas and iron (Malaysia, 2007). Most industries in Malaysia are processing based located mainly on the western island. They process the raw materials that are extracted into finished products. It is due to this value addition that the nation is mainly industry based and most of the population is employed. The industries in Malaysia also deal in the production of textiles and electronic equipment. They development of industries in the large scale have contributed significantly to the development of the Malaysian economy.Employment and Unemployment Percentages. Malaysias population comprises of the elderly, the middle aged and the young. From the world confide report, children legible for enrolment into primary schools stood at 96 percent for both male & female students in 2006. this indicates that the Malaysian government embraces education as a factor to economic development. A skilled population is economically beneficial since the individuals will strive to utilise their skill base towards achieving their own development that will later translate to economic development.One of the strike issues addressed by the UNDP towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)is human capacity building which means that nation should ensu re that they impart skills on their citizens by way of offering courses education to all its citizens and ensuring that it is affordable for all (UNDP). A nation that has an educated population is set to reap benefits from that same population because they will aim at exercising their knowledge in the various fields of expertise and also aim at developing products that will improve on the already existing ones therefore looking for new efficient ways of production.Malaysias literacy rate stands at 89 percent as of 2006 indicating that most of the population is skilled resulting to sink unemployment cases. Malaysia is among the developing nations and is striving to attain the MDGs that will direct them to achieving a developed world status. With about 5 per cent of land is operable for farming, Malaysia cannot hardly depend on farming and that the population must acquire some knowledge in other activities. As of 2007, Malaysias unemployment rate stood at 3. 2 per cent and inflati on rate stood at 2.1 per cent. The Phillips Curve states that inflation and unemployment are inversely related whereby high inflation results to low unemployment rates and vice versa. This is because when there is high inflation in an economy, most of the population has got some amount of money therefore resulting to some form of engagement in income generating activities. Therefore Malaysia as an economy has really tried in dealing with unemployment levels by making sure that a large part of its population is skilled.The Malaysian Government has formulated a number of policies aimed at improving its economic performance for example the New Economic Policy of 1971 (Malaysia 2007). Government Budget Activity. Government involvement in an economy should be restricted for it can have diverse negative impacts on the economy. The government, however, has got to interfere with severally in the economy since it has to provide for social amenities such as water, education, infrastructure am ong others for they cannot be left to the control of the private sector.When providing for these amenities, the Government gets money from the state coffers and pays the contractors among other parties that will implement development policies in the nation resulting to increased money supply. By increasing money supply, prices of products rise since the demand for the products will also increase. This will lead to increased production of products and increase national output that will result to more employment opportunities. Therefore government interference is good in the short run as it will stimulate the economic activities.However, continued government interference will hurt the economy in the long run since more money is available in the nation thus raising the prices of the products in the economy. The soaring inflation will then destabilise the nations exchange rate that will depreciate. With the depreciating of the local currency, Ringgit, imports become expensive since indu stries and individuals will require more money to import products thus hindering the efficiency of engaging in international trade. From the world bank report 2006 on Malaysia, 99 per cent of the population has access to clean water supply.The government has therefore given preference to the basic resources that affects the Malay in their daily lives. The report also gives the figures for Government involvement as current revenue has decreased from 26. 8 per cent in 1986 to 21. 6 per cent in 2006 while the overall budget balance has increased from a deficit of -0. 8 per cent in 1986 to 2. 8 per cent in 2006 (Malaysia 2007). This figures indicate that the government has restricted on its involvement in the economy so as to control the economic impact caused by excessive Government involvement.

Indicate a Person who has had a Significant Influence on you, and Describe that Influence

Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which scum bag lead to dehydration and correct death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. Cholera was prevalent in the U.S. in the 1800s before modern water and sewage treatment systems eliminated its spread by contaminated water. Only about 10 cases of cholera are reported to each one year in the U.S. and half of these are acquired abroad. Rarely, contaminated seafood has caused cholera outbreaks in the U.S.However, cholera outbreaks are still a serious problem in former(a) parts of the world, where cholera affects an estimated 3 to 5 million people and causes more than 100,000 deaths each year. The disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Common locations let in parts of Africa, south Asia, and Latin America. If you are traveling to one of those areas, knowing the following cholera facts assho le help protect you and your family.Cholera CausesVibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually put in in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the infection. Common sources includeMunicipal water supplies Ice do from municipal water Foods and drinks sold by street vendors Vegetables grown with water containing human wastesRaw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters polluted with sewage When a person consumes the contaminated food or water, the bacteria release a toxin in the intestines that produces severe diarrhea. It is not likely you will catch cholera practiced from casual contact with an infect person.Cholera SymptomsSymptoms of cholera can begin as soon as a few hours or as long as five days after infection. Often symptoms are mild. But sometimes they are very serious. About one in 20 people infected have severe watery diarrhea accompanied by vomiting, which can quickly lead to dehydration. Although many infected people may have minimum or no symptoms, they can still contribute to spread of the infection. Signs and symptoms of dehydration includeRapid heart rateLoss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to professional position quickly if pinched) Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth, throat, nose, and eyelidsLow blood pressure Thirst Muscle cramps If not treated, dehydration can lead to shock and death in a matter of hours.Yellow fever is caused by a virus. The yellow fever virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus. After transmitting of the virus occurs, it replicates in regional lymph nodes and subsequently spreads via the bloodstream. This widespread dissemination can affect the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys, and liver, in addition to other organs. Tissue damage to the liver, for example, can lead to jaundice and disrupt the bodys blood-clotting mechanism, leading to the hemorrhagic complications sometimes seen with yellow fever. Yello w fever is transmitted to serviceman by the bite of infected mosquitoes.Various species of genus Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes serve as vectors and are responsible for the transmission to human and nonhuman primates, which serve as reservoirs for the disease. Three transmission make passs for yellow fever have been identified. Sylvatic (jungle) unit of ammunition In tropical rain woodss, infected monkeys pass the virus to mosquitoes that feed on them. These infected mosquitoes then bite humans who enter the rain forest for occupational (for example, loggers) or recreational activities. Intermediate (savannah) cycle In humid or semi-humid regions of Africa, mosquitoes that breed around households and in the wild (semi-domestic mosquitoes) infect both humans and monkeys.The virus can be transmitted from monkeys to humans, or from human to human by the mosquitoes. This is the most common type of outbreak in Africa. Urban cycle When infected humans introduce the virus into urban a reas with large numbers of unvaccinated individuals, infected mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) transmit the disease from human to human. This form of transmission can lead to large epidemics.

Summary of the Lesson

Toni Cade Bambara Lesson for Change Toni Cade Bambara was a renowned author, educator and civil rights activist. She created short stories that drew attention and sentience to the social, political and economic issues of her time. Bambara always insisted that social commitment is inseparable from the production of art. (Andrews, Foster and Harris 22) The Lesson, published in 1972, is a short business relationship from the collection, Gorilla, My Love. This levels purpose was to bring the social in pairities that were prevalent within the urban companionship to the forefront of the minds of the readers.The intention was not only to bring the issues to light, but to clear people to make the necessary changes in their lives and to wake up and demand their share of the pie (542). The Lesson introduces us to an undereducated group of children from a poor urban community and the woman who takes them through this journey of discovery, Miss Moore. The story is told through a first-pers on narrative by a young Afri suffer American girl named Sylvia. Sylvia is a tough, proud, stubborn child that keeps her true thoughts and emotions hidden away.She begins the story by introducing us to Miss Moore, with whom she is not particularly fond of. Her opinion of Miss Moore seems to be mostly affected by the influences of the adults in her life. This begins to show us how a lack of parental office can affect the minds and perceptions of our children. I agree with this because my children emulate everything I do. As a single mother, whole of their attention is on me and for the first few crucial eld of development, I am their only teacher. They will disclose from these experiences and examples that we set .The parents in The Lesson do not seem to be very responsible the children are often pawned off on their aunt and they speak negatively of Miss Moore when she is not around. Miss Moore is an educated black woman who seeks to educate the children about the ways of the wor ld. Shed been to college and said it was only right that she should take responsibility for the young ones education (537). She is the perfect example of a good role simulation. It is a summer day, Sylvia isnt happy when Miss Moore gathers them up for yet some other lesson.On this particular day Miss Moore is asking the children questions concerning money. She explains to them about expenses and how the money aint divided up right in this country (538). They take a trip to Fifth Avenue to visit a F. A. O. Schwartz, a high culmination toy store. When they arrive she has them look through the window to view the displays. superstar of the children, Ronald, shows interest in a microscope that costs $300. They discuss how long it would likely take to afford it and one of them suggests that he would outgrow it first.Miss Moore tells them you never outgrow reading instruments (539). Education is her next valid point, to be successful and change your way of life you need to be educated . You are never too old to mature an education and improve your chances in a better life, and I am living proof of this. I have been out of school for twelve years and I want a better life for my family. I am back in school being a better role model and bum aboutting the skills needed to improve our quality of life They continue looking through the window of the store. Then, they see a sailboat priced at $1195.They are all shocked, and now Miss Moore tells them its time to go inside. Miss Moore lets them take the lead. Sylvia is reluctant to go through the door, and she doesnt understand it I feel funny, shame. exclusively what do I have to be shamed about? (541). As they make their way to the sailboat, everyone tip toeing around, afraid to touch anything- Sylvia compares it to a Catholic church. When they get there, Sylvia just stares at the price tag. Then, shekels runs her fingers across the boat, making Sylvia jealous and angry. She hides the way she feels and lets Miss Moo re know that she wants to leave.The experience has opened her eyes to this other end of the spectrum of society. I believe this is to show how the other side lives to drive the readers to pursue more for themselves. While I understand the need for Bambara to use the extreme examples in the story, at the same time the costs are too extreme even for now. It is unrealistic the majority of Americans could never afford to throw away that very often money on a toy. As a child I was not as unfortunate as the children in this story, we started out in a trailer park and built up a better life for ourselves.Even now, I never would have had a toy that costs as much as a car. On the way home Sylvia starts calculating and contemplating all the things that could be fage with that amount of money- rent, bills, groceries, vacations. She wants to know who these people are and what kind of take they do how they live and how come we aint in on it? (542). She is angry with Miss Moore for making h er aware of her quality of life. When Miss Moore asks them about the day, Sugar responds clearly in a way that shows she understood the lesson. This is not much of a democracy if you ask me.Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough, dont it? (543). Though Sylvia is stubborn and wont reveal her thoughts you know she understands too. She knows that there is more out there for her and can strive to make her life better. She walks away thinking about the day and becomes empowered saying, aint nobody gonna beat me at nuthin. Though Toni Cade Bambara wrote this story about the African American communities in the 1960s and the social inequalities that they faced- this storys lessons are still extremely valid.I fell that though she used extreme circumstances, they were necessary to paint the picture. Without the imagry the point wouldnt have had the same impact. It is up to you to make the necessary changes in your life to succeed. Lead by example and dont settle for less because your future is in your hands. Works Cited Andrews, William L, Frances Smith Foster and Trudier Harris. Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature. n. d. Bambara, Toni Cade. The Lesson. The Prentice Hall point for College Writers. Ed. Stephen Reid. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, N. J. Pearson, 2011. Print.

Critical Mission of Homeland Security Essay

The Department of country of origin credentials was created after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The Department was formed by merging many an(prenominal) exiting resources and adding to the ruff practices already in place. The Strategic Objectives of the Department atomic number 18 stated by the Department as We will lead the unified national effort to doctor America. We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the Nation. We will secure our national borders while welcoming lawful immigrants, visitors, and trade. (Homeland Security). Critical Mission of Homeland Security The critical missions of Department of Homeland Security are to prevent, protect, respond and recover. Through utilization of all available technology and resources the primary mission is to prevent an competitive act. If they are unable to prevent the incident the department will shift focus to protection. Protect as many citizens as possible from any imminent incident. If the incident could not be prevented the Homeland Security officials will respond to whatever the results are of the incident.This response could be in the way of coordinating with other(a) agencies to provide the care and safety needed by the population in the affected area. The final mission is to recover from the incident. Although each mission is de beauteousd as a single mission in practice they are often interlinked in execution. While protecting citizens from an incident the agency at the same age may be proactively responding to the results of the incident. The recovery mission is over lapped in many areas by the response mission. Four Foundations of Homeland Security The National Strategy for Homeland Security has defined four foundations of homeland security.These foundations are law, science and technology, information sharing and systems, and international cooperation. Each of these play a key part in providing for our national security. Ide ntification and enforcement of the law. We have to know exactly what we are enforcing. Use of science and technology in each of the four critical mission areas. cultivation sharing was something various government agencies were not very effective at prior to 9/11. Since thence Homeland Security has been working on re abject many of the communication silos that were prevalent in the past.By open communication with several agencies overall effectiveness is improved. International cooperation is the final of the four foundations that has to be built upon. With terrorist moving from nation to nation and planning many of the attacks from foreign soil we have to work with all nations. International borders have to be permeable in nows war on terror. Virginia Office of Commonwealth Preparedness The Commonwealth of Virginia has their own Department of Homeland Security. In Virginia it is called The Office of Commonwealth Preparedness.This office reverberate many of the processes and ob jectives of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The Office of Commonwealth Preparedness works to make sure that all of the residents and businesses of the Commonwealth are safe, secure and prepared. wretched Law and polished Law Criminal Law and Civil Law are very different types of proceeds. Civil Law is usually a possibility between tow individuals or business entities. Criminal Law is a case between a person and a government. Civil Law In Civil Law a person is involved in litigation with another person or business.These are usually divorce cases, law suits out-of-pocket to injury at a place of business, or bankruptcy cases. Civil law never involves incarceration of either party because of the civil proceedings. There are some Civil cases that may become criminal cases. Stalking a spouse you are involved in a civil divorce proceeding with will lead to criminal charges being filed against the stalker. Civil law will never result in the incarceration of the fina ble party. Fines in a Civil Law case are often paid to the other party in the proceeding. Criminal Law In Criminal Law there is a crime committed against society, or that endangers society by the action.Murder is a Criminal Law case. Although there may be only one victim the perpetrator of the criminal act may do so again. Therefore, society must be protected from this person. Driving while intoxicated is also a criminal law case. Even though no member of society may have been harmed by the act of driving under the influence. There was a danger posed to society by the act of driving under the influence. Criminal law cases may result in incarceration or probation of the guilty party. Fines judged in a Criminal Law case are paid to the governing body prosecuting the case. Incarceration for Misdemeanor CrimesThe main difference in the dickens types of crimes violation and felony is the amount of possible incarceration if convicted. A felony is a more serious crime and if convicte d the accused could be sentenced to incarceration for a term great than one year or death. Misdemeanor crimes are less serious offences and if convicted will result in incarceration of less than a year if at all. I do not think those convicted of a misdemeanor should be incarcerated unless the person demonstrated no willingness to be rehabilitated through other means. Running a red light is a misdemeanor.Incarcerating this person for a period of time will serve no purpose in rehabilitation. The only outcome in this incarceration would be increase cost to the taxpayer of the community and increased crowding of jails. This accused will probably learn their lesson by paying a fine and undergoing a traffic safety class. The penalty of the crime will drive a lesson home to the accused. The taking a class will increase the everyday safety of the public. The current volume of cases on our court systems and the high cost of incarceration forces us to take a more lenient approach for misd emeanor crimes.Many in society would rather a person creating a danger to the public be off the streets rather than someone convicted of running a traffic light or petty theft. The penalty should be designed to make restitution and lead to rehabilitation of the accused. When we balance the crime with the penalty then we can have a better society. Bibliography Homeland Security. (2008). Department of Homeland Security. One Team, One Mission, Securing our Homeland. Retrieved 20 March 2009, from, http//www. dhs. gov/xlibrary/assets/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread. pdf

My field assignment Essay

a) My field assignment took place in one of the elevators of Jackson Medical Center. I chose this place because forevery Saturday aurora I have to go there from 700am- 230pm for my clinical. I also selected this place because hospitals ar constantly full of pot, meaning I would be interacting and assessing the reaction towards my behavior of more people. I was accompanied by another student from my clinical rotation, Martha who was responsible for observing the reaction and behaviors of the people. Moreover, she would act like a total stranger to me, like we had never met before. Martha and I wore professional-casual attire.We are not allowed by the school of to wear scrubs in the Psych floor instead we pick out to wear regular clothes. The rational behind it is to primary(prenominal)tain the students safety as well as the clients behavior to be maintained as calm as possible while interacts with the student. Lab coats tend to alter the clients behavior.The elevator I chose was the closest to the main entrance. It was a sunny day, which was wonderful for me because lots of people decided to come and visit their relatives, family members, and friends, among others. One of the benefits for having selected this place of service is that I was able to interact with people of different ages group.b) I tried to be closed by the elevator to see the kind of people entering it. Also, I tried to be the brave out one boarding the elevator and once I was inside I would close the door to impede the entrance of more people, otherwise, the assignment would not be successful. I would choose one particular individual and I be staring at herself. Moreover, I looked at the chosen person as a whole. I observed at her hair, clothes, shoes, purse, etc. For instance, I would put my hands in my pockets and try to make noises with my keys. The noises helped increase the tension of the individual while I kept looking at her. c) As I was breaking the norm, I was feeling a little un comfortable and I was nervous at the similar time. I had never thought about doing this in my life. This event was frightening from both sides.One, I was being exposed to them to be able to do something to me. Second, it was rattling(a) to them what I was doing. They did not know what was happening in my mind, or if I was a psychopath or a serial killer. Unfortunately, we are living in a petrifying world and more people are being diagnosed with a mentally ill disorder every day, or killing for distributively one other out of nothing.d) As I mentioned before, my behavior was fear provoking to them. They did not know what I wanted. Why was Ilooking at the in such uncomfortable way. Most tried to fix their hair thinking there was something wrong with it. For instance, they cleaned their face like if it was dirty. Others fixed their clothes or looked in their purses. Others pretended to look at the numbers on the top of the doors elevator to see how fast was it moving. My friend say s, they tried to engage plaza contact with her, making her eye signals, advising her of what was happening but she took her phone out and pretended that she was texting somebody. At the same time, Martha moved to the front of the elevator, giving me the space in where she was standing while I would gather a better visualization of the individual.e) I believe this exercise has served to prove that social norms still important for our society. Since we are little, we are being taught these norms and how not to break them. It was a difficult event, as a woman, its really difficult especially at the beginning just to hinge upon on an elevator to stare at people. We normally get in an elevator but people dont look at each other. I also believe most of us try to live by the norms to avoid the use of social sanctions and they important part they play on how we carry ourselves in society now a days. I did this task because it was an assignment from school. However, I dont see myself repea ting this event ever again. The feeling of breaking the norms the way I did in an elevator is it very scary. I really would not know how to react towards such uncomfortable behavior.

A Comparison and Contrast Discussion between the Reading

Women atomic number 18 viewed unlikely by men in the society at once. There ar certainly those who are able to view women as delicate vases plot of ground there are those who simply see them as material slaves who are supposed to serve and not be served in return, these differentiating view of women has been the focal point of the presentation of the major issues with regards women attention and treatment as per shown through the readings prepared by Kincaid and Wright.Comparison and Contrast scratch off with Kincaids Girl, she pointed out how particular cultures treat women as mere slaves. Someone who needs to be instructed on how to do things as they are genuinely expected to accomplish such duties for those whom they are supposed to serve including their husbands and their families. It seems like as if, it is through the accomplishment of these duties that they are given the rightful compliancy that they are due in the house and within the community that they are living in.E verything a girl is for is for the sake of her family and the ones she loves. At some point, some women today are living in this particular trend of treatment as received from their mates as well as from their families. Sadly though, only a few are able to realize that women ought to have their own voices, able to do what they really want to do for the sake of personal growth while accomplishing the tasks that they are expected to realize.Furthermore, no matter what tradition suggests, women are supposed to be viewed as complementary individuals for the success that men are particularly aiming for and not simply the slave driven to follow rules and instructions for better service to the people that they ought to love as women.For this reason, the selection Flight by Wright shows a different version of women treatment that is quite more pleasing than the previous explanation. In this selection, the author points out that he is in dire need of his mate that he has made her the source of his life. He actually noted that he longed for her companionship and would thus trade anything else just to have her back beside him to share with him the life that they some(prenominal) planned to enjoy back then.Sadly though, there are only a few kinds of men today who would really see women in this manner. However, with the existence of dependable love and respect, the situation becomes much bearable to deal with.True, women are individuals wanting and needing of attention and respect. They are well aware that they are rather expected to complete different tasks in the house for their mates and their families as well.However, this is not an indication that they are then supposed to carry the burden of being disrespected although they are already doing the best of their efforts to complete their responsibilities as women of their families and their societies as well.It is never easy being a woman. Especially during this era of modernization, everything with regards the role of woman in the society and the family has already changed. It seems as if the responsibilities have changed.Moreover, the situation has already been rearranged by the fact that women now are not only expected to stay at home and do the chores, instead, they are now expected to become highly competitive as they are also expected to work long hours for money for the sake of their families. speculate the huge amount of responsibilities that women particularly need to carry upon their shoulders, yet they continue to endure the hard times of life as it faces them.Overall Reaction to the ReadingsIf observed closely, the writings of Wright and Kincaid actually pertain to a gradual pattern of realization. Kincaid simply places an emphasis on how women are trained to be accustomed to the responsibilities that they are to face as they grow towards maturity while the writings of Wright uses the situation to be the basis of the thought of actually finding the right reasons to support a woman and be her strength as a major source of inspiration for her to have the capability of completing her tasks well.ConclusionUnderstandably, the matter depends on the societys realization of how women actually contributes to the progress of the society as a mother, as a wife, a friend and a worker. Recognizing the importance of womens existence in this manner would thus empower the people in becoming more respective and fine-mannered towards the treatment that they imply to the women in their own communities.SourceJamaica Kincaid. Girl. http//www.turksheadreview.com/library/texts/kincaid-girl.html. (January 28, 2008).Franz Wright Flight. http//pantasyangbayan.blogspot.com/2007/01/franz-wright-flight.html. (January 28, 2008).

Health In Society Unequally Distributed Health And Social Care Essay

This essay will concentrate on the inequalities that exist around Cardiovascular illness, limitedally that of Coronary feel Disease. Harmonizing to the British affection fanny ( 2010 ) incidences of decease attributed to Coronary Heart Disease are far more than likely to lead by at heart the dishonor socio-economic kinsfolk. The British Heart Foundation ( 2010 ) in addition report thatthose populating in the most disadvant durationd countries of Wales, have a fifty-percent more opportunity of deceasing from CHD than those populating in the least disadvantaged countries. Furthermore, they claim that soulfulnesss who to a beginninger placetake manual(a) and unskilled craft have a 10 per centum more opportunity of enduring from Coronary Heart Disease than those employed in managerial flummoxs, contempt those persons populating in the same country ( ibid ) .First, a brief definition of CHD will be offered in cabaret to help apprehension of how this disease develops, an d how unhealthy behaviors ass lend to its oncoming. Second, an account of a wellness inequality will be given. Then, assorted studies that have been make in relation to wellness inequalities will be examined in order to offer an account for this inequality. This will include analyzing assorted facets of the lives of persons that are placed in the execrableer socio-economic category in an exertion to evolve behavior that is harmful to wellness. Finally, the function of the Multi Disciplinary squad and the nurse will be discussed, this will include authorities schemes for social policy, in order to place countries of enterprises to better cases of decease from CHD.CHD is a term used to depict the effects of impaired or absent coronary blood flow to the myocardium, by and whopping named by fatty plaques known as atheroma developing within the interior liner of the coronary arterias ( Porth 2004 ) . NHS Choices ( 2009a ) province that cases of CHD are far more likely to happen i f an case-by-case fumes, is corpulent or has a diet that has a high content of concentrated fat. The National Office of Statistics ( 2008 ) reported that in 2007 there were 2951 deceases under the age of 75 in Wales straight linked with CVD, and that 1662 of these were due to CHDThe wellness of the state has shown marked betterment throughout the old ages. Harmonizing to the House of Commons ( 2008 ) the animateness anticipation in 1948 for work forces was 66.4 old ages and 71.2 old ages for liberal females. In 2000 they had risen to 75.6 old ages and 80.3 old ages severally. However, scorn these betterments, wellness inequalities still exist amongst specific groups within society ( ibid ) .According to the World wellness Organisation ( WHO 2010 ) a wellness inequality constitutes a pronounced difference in the distribution of wellness amid changing social groups. These societal groups can run from societal category, age, gender, ethnicity, disablement, geographics gender or l inguistic communication ( ibid ) . Historically, those included in the disgrace ranks of calling and hence placed in the lower socio-economic category, are far more likely to endure sick wellness and higher(prenominal) morbidity evaluate than those at the top of the societal graduated table ( WHO 2010 ) . Harmonizing to swart ( 1980 ) poorness has ever been a major particularor in high mortality rates amongst the lower socio-economic categories, peculiarly in cases of famishment, infection and respiratory unwellness. However, sorry declare that the nexus in the midst of poorness and circulatory disease was less straightforward ( ibid ) .In an effort to mensurate the extent of these inequalities, during 1977 the Labour authorities commissioned The Working Group on inequalities chaired by Sir Douglas Black to quantity the deductions of wellness and societal policy, and to garner instruction about differences in wellness position amongst changing societal categories ( Townsen d and Davidson 1992 ) . The findings were presented to the Secretary of State of the new Conservative authorities in April 1980 ( ibid ) . Black ( 1980 ) concluded that despite the general betterment in wellness crossways Britain, marked differences in the wellness between those in societal category I and those in societal category V have remained, and in some cases increased. Black ( 1980 ) suggested that one of the grounds for this could be due to the displacement in occupational position across the UK. He explained that those undertaking traditional semi-skilled or unskilled employment tended to be older than those from the mean work force. However, Townsend and Davidson ( 1990 ) argue that despite the age disparity between societal categories, the likeliness of an single terminal before the age of retirement in societal category IV is dual that of those in societal category I. Furthermore, they go on to state that mortality is a characteristic of category across the life span and non merely during old age, with persons from the lower categories enduring higher morbidity rates during childhood, adolescence and maturity ( ibid ) . A follow on from the Black Report was commissioned in 1986 by the health Education Council before its death in 1987, and was updated in 1992 ( Whitehead 1992 ) . The Health Divide published grounds which revealed serious inequalities in wellness had continued throughout the 1980 s and into the 1990 s ( ibid ) . During the 1990 s the work of Sir Douglas Black was acknowledged and built on in a study by Sir Donald Acheson, who was invited by the Secretary of State for Health to place a scope of countries for future policy development in order to cut down wellness inequalities ( DOH 1998 ) .Black ( 1980 ) suggested that the high pro dish out of incidences of certain diseases, including that of circulative disease in the lower socio-economic categories could be attributed to the complete indulgence of merchandises that are harmful to the organic structure, and non to want and poorness. Black ( 1980 ) specifically highlighted the significance of the ingestion of tobacco merchandises in the aetiology of diseases such as circulative disease.He questioned the impression that the usage of baccy merchandises is a strictly voluntary pre-occupation by and large underinterpreted by the irresponsible and highlighted the fact that the authorities makes huge sums of money out of its production and bargain. However, Black too acknowledged that the usage of baccy merchandises could non be blamed for the cause of sick wellness, but suggested that it should be viewed as a secondary phenomenon caused by underlying characteristics of society.He raised concerns for the hereafter, admiting that although pre-conceptions sing the usage of baccy were altering, this alteration had at last taken topographic point within the higher socio-economic categories, and would go on to make so, doing the wellness spread to turn even wider. Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) make up, that as Black had predicted there was a clear societal category gradient in both(prenominal) work forces and adult females sing the ingestion of baccy merchandises.He ready that 12 % per centum of professional work forces and 11 % of professional adult females were reported to be tobacco users, compared with 41 % of unskilled work forces and 36 % of unskilled adult females go oning to dummy. Furthermore, those in the higher socio-economic category who professed to smoking consumed fewer coffin hears than their opposite numbers in the lower socio-economic category ( ibid ) .Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) besides found that those in the lower categories had lower surcease rates than tobacco users in the higher categories. Similarly, the category gradient had widened in regard of deceases from CHD ( see appendix 1 ) . Acheson concluded that raft is a clear component in mortality differences between societal categories, doing deceases from assorted malignant ne oplastic diseases, respiratory unwellnesss and CHD ( ibid ) .The Wanless Report Securing genuine Health for the Population was published in 2004, and besides highlighted have as a major cause of high mortality rates under the age of 70 in the lower socio-economic category ( Wanless 2004 ) . Wanless called for warmer to be banned in public topographic points, particularly within the workplace, faulting inactive smoke for cases of malignant neoplastic disease s and bosom disease amongst both tobacco users and non tobacco users ( ibid ) .Harmonizing to Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) the wider socio-economic factors of an person s life style should be taken into consideration when explicating wellness inequalities. Marmot ( 2010 ) concurs, manifestation than unhealthy behaviors entirely, can non be responsible for the serious wellness inequalities that exist in today s society.As a consequence, Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) implemented a socio-economic theoretical account of wellness, which examined an person s exposure to inequalities from before birth and throughout the full life span. Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) acknowledged that an person s age, sex and constitutional position did so impact their wellness, as did their personal wonts such as smoke and hapless diet.However, Acheson argued that wider influences such as friends, household, community, instruction, lodging, work environment and entree to wellness attention besides had a bearing on an person s wellness position ( ibid ) . Therefore, in order to understand the relationship between low socio-economic category and CHD, it is necessary to look into the psychological and societal influences that are experienced by persons within this group.Harmonizing to Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) unemployment rates amongst unskilled workers are four times higher than those from professional groups. Acheson goes on to state that employment is a major constituent in an person s position within society it determines their income, societal standing and their ability to take part within society.Furthermore Acheson states that being unemployed can hold prejudicious effects in both physical and mental wellness, being linked to a sedentary life style and increased ingestion of baccy and intoxicating ( ibid ) . However, the nexus between unemployment and sick wellness is hard to turn out, as it is non clear whether the ground for the unemployment is due to ill wellness that is already present, or whether being unemployed is the cause of the sick wellness ( Schurring et al 2007 ) .Acheson besides suggests that those persons who are in employment tend to be engaged in work that is low paid, insecure and of hapless quality and that offers little, or no chance of publicity ( DOH 1998 ) . Johnson ( 2004 ) argue that those from the lower categories constantly experience high degrees of physiological tension, and low degrees of control in the workplace, coupled with low wagess in footings of occupation security, publicity chances, mon ey and regard.However, Stansfield and Marmot ( 2002 ) point out that despite grounds to propose that psychological fury at work can be a conducive factor in cases of CHD, it is besides of import non to undervalue the consequence of other nerve-racking constituents of an person s life that are non work related.Persons that are unemployed or have low paid occupations constantly face poorness and adversity. They are more likely to brood in unsuitable lodging, that is frequently moist, overcrowded and in an country that has hapless entree to comfortss ( Acheson DOH 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Siegrist and Marmot ( 2006 ) those from the lower socio-economic category tend to populate in vicinities that experience high degrees of offense, and physical impairment.Skogan ( 1990 ) concurs, saying that persons that reside in these countries have, non themselves, chosen to make so hence, they have no existent motive to keep their belongingss or that of their vicinity. This in bend discourages com mercial investing in the country, doing it to drop further into want ( ibid ) .Due to miss of fundss these persons are less likely to have both signifier of private conveyance ( DOH 1998 ) . This can hold a direct impact on entree to low-cost food markets, health care, and employment chances. WHO ( 2010 ) suggest that hapless lodging and location non merely do physical wellness jobs but that they are besides a direct cause of emphasis, opinion and associated psychological unwellnesss.Harmonizing to Stansfield and Marmot ( 2002 ) nerve-racking life conditions, including those of employment and lodging have marked associations with coffin nail smoke. They go on to province that the prevalence of coffin nail smoke is closely linked with the experience and direction of emphasis. Many people use smoking as a self-medication to assist them get by with the emphasis they experience in their mundane lives ( ibid ) .However, harmonizing to Parrott ( 1999 ) , baccy ingestion is in fact a cau se of emphasis, and non the emphasis stand-in that many tobacco users believe it to be. NHS Choices ( 2009b ) agree, saying that tobacco user s may experience a diminution in emphasis degrees once they have smoked a coffin nail, provided this lone occurs because they have satisfied their craving for nicotine.Once the nicotine has worn of the person will one time once more experience stressed ( ibid ) . Harmonizing to Stansfield and Marmot ( 2002 ) both emphasis and baccy ingestion are both clear markers in morbidity rates for CHD, and could take some manner to explicating high cases of this disease within the lower socio-economic category.In an effort to undertake emphasis caused by work, the authorities introduced the seemlyness at Work Act in 1999 ( House of Commons 1999 ) . This measure was introduced in order to guarantee that employees have specific rights at work, including occupation security ( ibid ) . Harmonizing to Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) , employment jurisprudence in the United Kingdom is highly under regulated, compared to that of other industrialized states.Assorted policies sing lodging have been introduced since the Acheson Report, the most recent in Wales being Improving Lifes and Communities ( Welsh Assembly administration 2010 ) . This policy aims to supply Wales with more societal lodging, and to give prospective renters more pick with respects to the countries in which they live. It pledges to better the criterion of lodging offered, to better the optic aspect and feel of communities, and to supply persons shacking in the country entree to services and installations ( ibid )In a command to undertake happenings of diseases, including that of CHD, the authorities announced a 10 twelvemonth committedness through a white paper, Salvaging Lifes Our healthy Nation ( DOH 1999 ) . To run into this committedness the National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease was implemented and included 12 criterions to better wellness and prevent dise ase ( DOH 2008 ) .These rules are reflected in public wellness policy in Wales through the debut of a policy papers Tackling Heart Disease in Wales Implementing Through Evidence ( Welsh Assembly Government 2001 ) . As portion of the 10 twelvemonth program, they advised that local marks should be implemented in order to forestall, and cut down the ingestion of baccy merchandises.It was advised that the sale of illegal coffin nails and baccy should be closely monitored and reduced, that media coverage and national runs should be encouraged and that smoking surcease services should be implemented at local degree. In peculiar, mention was made to cut downing smoke in those on low incomes, with peculiar attending being made to fraught(p) adult females and their spouses ( ibid ) .The authorities pledged that by the twelvemonth 2010 deceases attributed to CHD would be reduced in the under seventy- five-spots by 40 % . This mark was in fact met five old ages early, with deceases rates fal ling by 44 % ( DOH 2008 )In order to cut down disease caused by smoke, and to protect non tobacco users from passively inhaling baccy, a smoke obstruction was initiated on 1st July 2007 ( BBC News 2007 ) . This policy prohibits smoking in any public topographic point, including saloons, eating houses and topographic points of work. Since the smoke prohibition, research carried out by the Department of Health claim that cases of Myocardial Infarctions have reduced by 10 per centum ( Times Online 2009 ) . However, curates and anti-smoking groups think the authorities should travel farther, and are naming for smoking to be banned in autos, in order to protect kids from 2nd manus fume ( ibid ) .Despite the smoke prohibition some persons continue to smoke, harmonizing to comme il faut ( 2008 ) the multi disciplinary squad has a cardinal function to play in encouraging and authorising these persons to give up. Harmonizing to the Royal College of Nursing ( 2004 ) wellness publicity is th e duty of every nurse.The NMC Code of Professional Conduct ( 2009 ) concur, saying that nurses are personally accountable for safeguarding and advancing the involvements of all patients and clients, irrespective of age, gender and societal fortunes. Harmonizing to Youdan and Queally ( 2005 ) nurses have a cardinal function to play in encouraging patient s to give up smoke, they are ideally placed, and should enter the smoke position of all in and out patient s, and where appropriate offer advice and smoke surcease options.In 2008, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, acknowledged that smoke is a major contributory factor in the wellness spread that exists between the higher and lower socio-economic categories ( Nice 2008 ) . As a consequence, NICE published its first elaborate counsel on smoking surcease ( ibid ) . Harmonizing to these guidelines all persons that come into contact with a wellness professional should be questioned on their smoke position ( ibid ) .Harmoniz ing to Thomas ( 2007 ) brief querying on the topic of smoke has become the foundation of national smoke surcease policy. Nice ( 2008 ) besides stipulate that wellness professionals should utilize as many avenues as possible to make tobacco users, saying that links between birthrate clinics, ante-natal groups, station natal assignments, tooth doctors, infirmaries and GP surgeries should be made in order to aim as many person s as possible.If an single professes to smoke, the wellness professional should offer suited advice and nicotine substitute therapy this should be given in concurrence with continued support and a referral to the local NHS Stop smoke Service ( Nice 2008 ) .Behavioral guidance should besides be offered where appropriate this can take topographic point on a one to one footing or in group Sessionss ( ibid ) . Nice ( 2008 ) acknowledges that an person s societal fortunes can be hard to change in the short term nevertheless, they believe that behaviour alteratio n on an single degree is more accomplishable.Evidence has shown that category is a cardinal determiner of wellness. Those in the lower socio-economic category suffer higher degrees of CHD than those in the higher socio-economic category. It has besides been shown that they consume more tobacco merchandises and are more susceptible to emphasize.As antecedently discussed, emphasis and baccy ingestion are both clear markers in cases of CHD, therefore policy aimed at cut downing the emphasis related facets of these persons lives demands to be addressed. Similarly, the ingestion of baccy by this group besides needs to understood.This fact has been recognised by the authorities, who have introduced societal policies related to employment, lodging and smoke in an effort to cut down mortality rates within the lower categories from diseases such as CHD. Nurses and the multi disciplinary squad besides have a portion to play, peculiarly within the community.It is the duty of every wellness pro fessional to oppugn an person with respects to their smoke position, by making so, advice, support and encouragement can be offered, in a command to alter the person s attitude towards this wellness damaging behavior.MentionsBBC News ( 2007 ) Smoking Ban Takes Effect. ( online ) . usable at hypertext tape transport protocol //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6258034.stm ( Accessed 16 April 2010 ) .Black ( 1980 ) The Black Report Inequalities and Health.Socialist Health Association. ( online ) . addressable at hypertext transfer protocol //www.sochealth.co.uk/Black/blackintro.htm ( accessed 15 March 2010 )British Heart Foundation ( 2010 ) UK Coronary Heart Disease Statistics. Department of Health. ( online ) . Available at www.bhf.org.uk/plugins/PublicationsSearchResults/idoc.ashx? 1 ( Accessed 25 April 2010 ) .DOH ( 1998 ) Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report. Chair Sir Donald Acheson. London The Stationary Office.DOH ( 1999 ) Salvaging Lifes Our Healthier Nation. ( onl ine ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4118614 ( Accessed 19 April 2010 ) .DOH ( 2008 ) The Coronary Heart Disease National Service Framework Building on Excellence keeping Progress. ( online ) . Available athypertext transfer protocol //www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_096556.pdf ) . ( Accessed 9 April 2010 ) .House of Commons ( 2008 ) Health Committee Third Report Health Inequalities 2008-2009. Health Committee Publications. ( Online ) . Available athypertext transfer protocol //www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmhealth/286/28602.htm ( Accessed 4 March 2010 ) .House of Commons ( 1999 ) Fairness at Work. House of Commons Library. ( online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp98/rp98-099.pdf ( Accessed 16 April 2010 ) .Johnson ( 2004 ) Work adjudicateors and Social Cl ass. ( online. ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.workhealth.org/risk/johnson % 20article.html ( Accessed 20 April 2010 ) .Marmot ( 2010 ) Fair Society, Healthy Lives. ( online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.ucl.ac.uk/gheg/marmotreview/Documents/finalreport/FairSocietyHealthyLivesChapter2 ( Accessed 17 March 2010 ) .NHS Choices ( 2009a ) Coronary Heart Disease. ( Online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/ subjects.aspx ( Accessed 26 February 2010 ) .NHS Choices ( 2009b ) Does Smoking Help Stress. ( online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/1114.aspx? CategoryID=53 & A SubCategoryID=531 ( Accessed 20 April 2010 ) .National Office for Statistics ( 2008 ) All Deaths Under 75 by Cause and Sex 2007 England Wales Scotland N Ireland and United Kingdom. ( Online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/index.html ( Accessed 15 Mar ch 2010 ) .NICE ( 2008 ) Smoking Cessation Guidance ( Online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=8024618 ( Accessed 19 April 2010 ) .The Nursing and Midwifery Code of Professional Conduct ( 2009 ) . ( Online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.nmc-uk.org/aArticle.aspx? ArticleID=3 056 ( Accessed 16 October 2008 ) .Parrott A ( 1999 ) Does Cigarette Smoking Cause Stress. American Psychologist. 25 ( 54 ) pp 817-20. ( online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.tobaccoprc.org/download/file/stress.pdf ( Accessed 15 April 2010 ) .Porth CM ( 2004 ) Necessities of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Royal College of Nursing ( 2004 ) Commissioning Health Services for Children and Young People- Increasing Nurses Influence. ( online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.rcn.org.uk/_data/assets/pdf_file/0003/78591/002169.pdf ( Accessed 11 Apri l 2010 ) .Schurring M Burdorf L Kunst A Mackenbach J ( 2007 ) The effects of Ill wellness on come ining and keeping paid employment Evidence in European Countries. journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61 597-604 ( online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //jech.bmj.com/content/61/7/597.abstract ( Accessed 15 April 2010 ) .Siegrist J and Marmot M ( 2006 ) Social Inequalities in Health- New Evidence and Policy Implications. Oxford Oxford University Press.Skogan ( 1990 ) Disorder and Decline Crime and the Spiral Decay in American Neighbourhoods. California University of California Press. ( online ) . available athypertext transfer protocol //books.google.co.uk/books? id=ASrAMJh7LngC & A printsec=frontcover & A dq=skogan+disorder+and+decline & A source=bl & A ots=_-DBYsfGXN & A sig=kPSCk3NGusegOJ_B ( Accessed 18 April 2010 ) .Stansfield A Marmot G ( explosive detection systems. ) ( 2002 ) Stress and the Heart Psychological Pathways to Coronary Heart Disease. Lon don BMJ Books.Timess Online ( 2009 ) Heart Attacks Plummet After Smoking Ban. ( online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article6832384.ece ( Accessed 18 April 2010 ) .Townsend P and Davidson N ( 1992 ) The Black Report. ( 2nd edn. ) London Penguin Group.Thomas S ( 2007 ) Smoking Cessation Part 1 Brief Interventions. Nursing Standard. 22 ( 4 ) pp 47-49.WHO ( 2010 ) Developing the EvidenceBase for Tackling Health Inequalities and differential Effectss. ( online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/esrc_document.pdf ( Accessed 19 March 2010 ) .Wanless D ( 2004 ) Procuring Good Health for the Whole Population. Department of Health. ( online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4074426 ( Accessed 17 April 2010 ) .Welsh Assembly Government ( 2001 ) Undertaking CHD in Wales Implemen ting Through Evidence. ( on-line. ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.wales.nhs.uk/publications/coronary-heart-disease-e.pdf ( Accessed 12 March 2010 ) .Welsh Assembly Government ( 2010 ) Bettering Lifes and Communities. ( Online ) . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //wales.gov.uk/docs/desh/publications/100421housingstrategyen.pdf ( Accessed 17 April 2020 ) .Whitehead M ( 1992 ) Inequalities in Health The Health Divide. London Penguin Group.Youdan and Queally ( 2005 ) Nurses Role In Promoting and Supporting Smoking Cessation. The Nursing Times. 10 ( 10 ) pp 26-28.

How the American Society Changed during the Revolutionary War

November 7, 2011 Americans owe the French a debt of gratitude because without them, they would each still be fighting the British for their freedom, or lose their freedom altogether. Americans have gained their independence provided changes occur later the war. American nine changed politically, socially, and economically during and after the basal War. Because majority of the workforce were at war, the women had to step up and take charge or how society was ran, or the American economy would be ruined.The political aspect of American society changed greatly after the war no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion. (Document D). This explicates the beginning of America losing its religion-based societies, and becoming more diverse to more religions and cultures.Unfortunately, Indians were still excluded from p olitical decisions, and since they made alliances with the British, and not Americans, westward expansionism was unable to be halt It is now more than three years since peace was made between the King of Great Britain and you Americans, but, we, the Indians, were disappointed, finding ourselves not included in that peace (Document E). Indians are seeking peace with the Americans because they are destroying their lands. Socially, American society changed significantly.Document A shows a woman as a woodcut worker. Before the war, women were stuck in the house, having no input in how their life was run during the war, they were running society and maintaining the economy. Women also began to libel for their freedom after the war What then must my situation be, when my sex, my youth and inexperience all conspire to make me flap at the task which I have undertaken? But the friendly encouragement, which I behold in about every countenance, enables me to overcome difficulties, that wou ld otherwise be insurmountable. (Document J). Furthermore, Molly Wallace is saying that when the men where away, the women were able to run society, so they should be included more. The American economic society depleted immensely because they owed a lot of specie for the war. Although after the war, people were suppose to be freed from slavery and indentured servitude, even though they werent in that respect shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the society shall have been duty convicted (Document H).The economy became stronger as well because the states were becoming more united, trying to establish unrivaled currency Some of them were crying out for a paper currency, some for an equal distribution of property. (Document G). Abigail whirls letter suggests how the economy should work, either to establish a currency, or distribute land. Furthermore, during and after the mutationary War the American society changed a great deal.Society changed with the Articles of Confederations, the first American government If men were angels, no government would be necessary (Document I). After the Article of Confederation was discovered to be to a fault weak, the bicameral government we have today was established. The Virginia Plan and the Jersey Plan allowed the Senate and House of Representatives. The American Revolution was significant to the molding of todays government.

Ethical Health Care Issues Essay

tally to Womens intimatelyness Resource (2011) mamilla fuckingcer is a serious issue that go away act almost every women worldwide, either directly as someone diagnosed with cancer, or indirectly through the unwellnessiness of a loved one( Home, para. 1). In the United States dummy cancer is the found in women in their early twenties and thirties. These individuals be more prone to dummy cancer because she has a family history of breast cancer. In 2006, approximately 212, 920 new cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed in the United States (Womens Health Resource, 2011). The case scenario below will discuss ethical and legal issues regarding a pistillate long-suffering with breast cancer, which refuses intervention for breast cancer. Additionally, the scenario will cover the following four ethical rationales respect for persons/ shore leave, legal expert, munificence, and non-maleficence that relates to the case scenario (Bishop, 2003). nerve ScenarioA 25-year- old female persevering made an appointment with her primary wish well physician because she nonice a lump on her breast. She went to her appointment with her primary care physician the following day. The physician examined her breast and discovered a lump on her breast, so he made a referral for her to see an oncologist in which can diagnose her if she has breast cancer. An oncologist is a health check doctor who specializes in the diagnoses and word cancer (The Denise Roberts Breast crabmeat Foundation, 2009). The following are the three main types of oncologist medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, and surgical oncologist, which can practice in hospitals and research centers. The female persevering can mention an appointment with the oncologist in which he will assure about her thoughtfulness and different types of discourses available to her in which can reduce her chance of death as well conduct a biopsy. The biopsy will determine if she has breast cancer. The et hical issues are very clear, and they are respect for autonomy and beneficence. Additionally, the legal or ethical principles involved with breast cancer are no different from both other medical preaching/intervention.Autonomy and Informed ConsentAs verbalize by Bishop (2003), respect for persons/autonomy is that a physician acknowledges a persons right to make choices, to hold views, and take actions based on personal values, and beliefs (p. 7). In order for an adult to refuse treatment, he or she must be legally and mentally capable by meeting the following criteria 18 years or older, understands the nature of the condition, and voluntary. Additionally, parents with children under the age of 18 impart the right to consent to treatment as well refusing treatment for his or her child. As recognized by Miller et al. (2000), physicians have a moral and legal obligation to comply with a patients voluntary, set forthed refusal of life sustaining treatment, disregarding of a physici an judgment concerning the medical or moral appropriateness of this.In the case of the 25-year-old female patient with breast cancer she rejected medical treatment and was informed by the oncologist about the close illness. Death is seen as failure, rather than an chief(prenominal) part of life (Smith, 2000). A appointment can burn up with the patient because of the decision she made about not receiving care, which can likely end her life. The oncologist is obligated to inform or educate the patient about breast cancer, benefits of treatments, and risks involved with no treatment. The following are treatment options for cancer patients lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical reconstruction (Womens Health Resource, 2011). Although a physician can indicate benefits of any type of treatment the patient has the freedom to choose if he or she wants the treatment as well as ensuring the patient understand his or her own condition.When a patient refuses t reatment for breast cancer or any medical condition, the issue of autonomy becomes difficult because of the serious wellness consequences. The health care passkey person will tender the patient different options for treatment when this occurs. As stated to begin with the physician should consult with the patient about his or her decision because nurses have ethics and codes of conduct in which he or she must follow. Nurses must care for patients while taking care of him or her aswell as respecting and supporting the patient rights to decline treatment at anytime (Stringer, 2009). Medical professionals should respect the autonomy of patient decisions because it is a critical in the health care industry.BeneficenceRosenthal (2006), the principle of beneficence convey that the health care provider must promote the well-being of patients and avoid harm them. Once a patient refuses treatment the health care professional must communicate the harm associated with no treatment for his or her condition. This can play a major role in how beneficence and maleficence is judged. When a patient has breast cancer and refuses treatment there is not another alternative option for the patient. During this principle the health care professional should ensure that he or she is maximizing possible benefits for the patients and minimizing harm when relations with treatments. The health care professional can suggest certain treatments but the patient does not have to imbibe any care for his or her condition. When this occurs the physician will focus on different conflict resolutions for the care as well as services. A health care professional job is to offer quality of care to the patient in which he or she will benefit from the medical treatment.During this principle, the health care professional will act with compassion when informing the patient about the potential benefits and risks for any medical condition. A patient is reliant upon the health care professional for some one who is caring and spontaneous to share in the responsibility as well as treating him or her with dignity and respect. The 25-year-old female does not want treatment in which makes it hard for the oncologist to provide quality of care during the consultation and care.Non-maleficenceRosenthal (2006), during this principle, the health care provider ought to strive not to inflict harm to a patient, a requirement also seen as a trading not to refrain from aiding a patient. In addition, this principle will coincide with beneficence because it is reducing the harm to any patientalthough a patient refuses care/treatment. The health care professional is obligated to help the patients to the best of his or her ability by providing benefits, protecting the patients interest, and promoting welfare. Additionally, how, and what the health care professional does for a patient should have greater chance of benefiting the patient than harming the patient. This is done by risk benefit analyses, where the health care professional can conduct research on the condition and different medications. The health care professional should explain any side effects for treatments as well as medications that the patient will become knowledgeable about options for his or her condition.JusticeThe principle of justice means to treat others equitably, distribute benefits/burdens fairly (Bishop, 2003). In addition, it is very important for the health care professional to keep a patient informed about treatments and he or she should not provide misinformation to the patient. A major issue with this principle is economic barriers can interfere with a patient when trying to receive treatment and medication. The health care organization is required to provide services/care to a patient regardless of health care coverage, especially the uninsured In addition, the department should that all patients are hard-boiled equally regardless of age, race, and ethnicity. Additionally, this principle will focus on justice, which will provide care/treatment regardless of the patient demographics or ethical issues he or she encounters with the health care professional. During this principle, the patient is set with dignity and respect even though he or she refused care/treatment for any medical condition.ConclusionRefusal of care is one of the most common ethical dilemmas in the health care industry, which is very much difficult to resolve when his or her well-being is threaten. The health care professional must determine, which aspects of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence a patient want before providing care. Administrators within a medical facility mustexamine the following underlying issues competence of a patient, the distinction between apparent, and real refusal of care (Michels, 1981). A physician has the legal duty to provide and ensure the patient with sufficient information about treatment and care when he or she is at the facility. Additionally, an ethi cal dilemma will exist because of a patients right will conflict with a physician obligation of providing quality of care to an individual. This was the case with the 25-year-old female with breast cancer.ReferencesBishop, L. (2003). moral philosophy Background. Kennedy Institute of Ethics. Retrieved on June 8, 2011from http//www.nwabr.org/education/pdfs/PRIMER/Background.pdfMichels, R. (1981). The Right to Refuse Treatment Ethical Issues. American psychiatricAssociation, 32(1), 251-255.Miller, F., Fins, J., & Snyder, L. (2000). Assisted suicide compared with refusal of treatment avalid distinction?.Annals of Internal Medicine, 132(6), 470-475.Rosenthal, S. M. (2006). Patient Misconceptions and Ethical Challenges in Radioactive IodineScanning and Therapy. Journal if Nuclear Medicine Technology, 34( 3), 143-150.Smith, R. (2000). A good death an important aim for health services and for us all. . BritishMedical Journal, 320(7228), 129-130.Stringer, S. (2009). Ethical issues involved in patient refusal of life-saving treatment. CancerNursing Practice, 8(3), 30-33.The Denise Roberts Breast Cancer Foundation . (2009). What is an Oncologist? Retrieved June17, 2011 from http//www.tdrbcf.org/oncologist/index.htmlWomens Health Resource. (2011). Breast Cancer. Retrieved on June 17, 2011 fromhttp//www.wdxcyber.com/breast_home.html